Polycyclic Tetracycline Compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a compound represented by Structural Formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The variables for Structural Formula (I) are defined herein. Also described is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Structural Formula (I) and its therapeutic use.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/075,886, filed on Mar. 30, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/319,614, filed on Mar. 31, 2010. Theentire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The tetracyclines are broad spectrum anti-microbial agents that arewidely used in human and veterinary medicine. The total production oftetracyclines by fermentation or semi-synthesis is measured in thethousands of metric tons per year.

The widespread use of tetracyclines for therapeutic purposes has led tothe emergence of resistance to these antibiotics, even among highlysusceptible bacterial species. Therefore, there is need for newtetracycline analogs with improved antibacterial activities andefficacies against other tetracycline responsive diseases or disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compoundrepresented by Structural Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   X is selected from halo, —R, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R, —N(R)₂,        —N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(O)OR′, and N(R)S(O)_(m)R′, wherein:    -   each R is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,        carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl, or    -   two R groups taken together with the atom or atoms to which they        are bound form a 4-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl; and    -   R′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl;    -   ring A is a 5-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring        optionally containing 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected        from N, S and O in addition to the indicated nitrogen atom,        wherein:    -   R¹ is selected from hydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,        —C(O)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³), —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —C(O)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —S(O)_(m)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³), and        —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl,        —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-heterocyclyl, or    -   R¹ taken together with a ring atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom        to which R¹ is bound forms a saturated heterocyclic ring fused        to ring A;    -   each of R² and R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,        (C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, and        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl; or    -   R² and R³, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bound form a heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl        optionally comprises 1 to 4 additional heteroatoms independently        selected from N, S and O;    -   each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,        carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl or a naturally occurring amino acid        side chain moiety, or    -   two R⁴ taken together with a common carbon atom to which they        are bound form a 3-7 membered non-aromatic carbocyclyl or a 4-7        membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl        formed by two R⁴ comprises one to three heteroatoms        independently selected from N, S and O;    -   any substitutable carbon atom on ring A is optionally:    -   (i) substituted with one to two substituents independently        selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl;        or    -   (ii) substituted with ═O;    -   (iii) taken together with an adjacent ring atom to form a 3-7        membered saturated carbocyclyl or a 4-7 membered saturated        heterocyclyl ring; or    -   (iv) spyrofused to a 3-7 membered saturated carbocyclyl;    -   any additional N heteroatom on ring A is substituted with        hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl;    -   each alkyl or alkylene in Structural Formula I is optionally and        independently substituted with one or more substituents        independently selected from halo, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl and        —N(R⁵)(R⁵);    -   each carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl portion of a substituent of        ring A or the saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A is        optionally and independently substituted with one or more        substituents independently selected from halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        halo-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),        —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R⁵)(R⁵) and CN;    -   each R⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen and        (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in the group represented by R⁵        is optionally and independently substituted with one or more        substituents independently selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and    -   each m is independently 1 or 2,        with the proviso that when X is hydrogen, ring A is not an        unsubstituted bivalent piperidine radical.

In one aspect of the first embodiment,

-   -   X is selected from halo, —R′, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R, —N(R)₂,        —N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(O)OR′, and N(R)S(O)_(m)R′; and    -   R′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein the        values for the remaining variables are as defined in the first        embodiment.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to apharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or diluent and a compound represented by Structural Formula (I)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The pharmaceuticalcomposition is used in therapy, such as treating an infection (e.g., abacterial infection) in a subject.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating aninfection (e.g., a bacterial infection) in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a compoundrepresented by Structural Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of preventing aninfection (e.g., a bacterial infection) in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a compoundrepresented by Structural Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the use of a compoundrepresented by Structural Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating aninfection (e.g., a bacterial infection) in a subject.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the use of a compoundrepresented by Structural Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing aninfection (e.g., a bacterial infection) in a subject.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the use of a compoundrepresented by Structural Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof in therapy, such as treating or preventing an infection(e.g., a bacterial infection) in a subject.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particulardescription of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated inthe accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer tothe same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustratingembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a bar graph that demonstrates the efficacy of Compounds 102,143, 130, 126, and 135 at 10 mg/kg IV, BID and 30 mg/kg, BID orally in aS. pneumoniae SP160 lung model. Linezolid at 5 mg/kg IV, BID and 30mg/kg, BID orally served as a control.

FIG. 2 is a bar graph demonstrating the Compound 102 in theimmunocompetent mouse lung infection model with S. pneumoniae SP514,oral dosing.

FIG. 3 is a bar graph demonstrating efficacy of Compounds 102, 143, and130 in the MRSA SA191 lung model. Compounds 102, 143, and 130 andlinezolid were evaluated at 10 mg/kg IV, BID. All compounds were testedat 50 mg/kg, BID orally except linezolid. Linezolid was evaluated at 30mg/kg, BID orally.

FIG. 4 is a bar graph demonstrating the efficacy of Compound 102 in aRat lung infection model with H. influenzae HI551.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Values and Alternative Values forVariables

The present invention is directed to a compound represented byStructural Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.Values and alternative values for the variables in Structural Formula Iand for each of the embodiments described herein are provided in thefollowing paragraphs. It is understood that the invention encompassesall combinations of the substituent variables (i.e., R¹, R², R³, etc.)defined herein.

X is selected from halo, —R, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R,—N(R)C(O)OR′, and —N(R)S(O)_(m)R′, wherein each R is independentlyselected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; or two Rgroups taken together with the atom or atoms to which they are boundform a 4-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl; and R′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl,carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl.

Alternatively, X is selected from halo, —R′, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R,—N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)OR′, and —N(R)S(O)_(m)R′, wherein each R isindependently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, orheterocyclyl, or two R groups taken together with the atom or atoms towhich they are bound form a 4-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl; andR′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl.

Further, X is selected from fluoro, chloro, hydrogen, methoxy, methyl,trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy and dimethylamino. Alternatively, X isselected from fluoro, chloro, methoxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl,trifluoromethoxy and dimethylamino.

X is selected from fluoro, chloro, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, anddimethylamino. Alternatively, X is methoxy or dimethylamino.Specifically, X is fluoro.

Ring A is a 5-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionallycontaining 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S and O inaddition to the indicated nitrogen atom.

Ring A is selected from

Specifically, ring A is

Alternatively, ring A is

Alternatively, ring A is

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,—(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³),—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(O)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)-carbocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³), and—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-heterocyclyl, or R¹ taken together with a ringatom adjacent to the nitrogen atom to which R¹ is bound forms asaturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A.

Alternatively, R¹ is selected from hydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₀-C₃)alkylene-(saturatedheterocycle), —(C₀-C₃)alkylene-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₃)alkylene-N(R²)(R³), or R¹ taken together with a ring atomadjacent to the nitrogen atom to which R¹ is bound forms a saturatedheterocyclic ring fused to ring A; wherein any alkyl or alkylene portionof R¹ or the saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A is optionallysubstituted with fluoro or hydroxy.

Further, R¹ is selected from hydrogen; (C₁-C₃)straight alkyl optionallysubstituted with one or more of: 1 to 5 methyl groups, a single hydroxygroup, a single methoxy group, 1 to 3 fluoro groups, a single saturatedheterocycle, and a single (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl group; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl;tetrahydrofuranyl; and —C(O)—CH₂—N(R²)(R³); or R¹ taken together with aring atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom to which R¹ is bound forms apyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring fused to ring A, wherein thepyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring fused to ring A is optionallysubstituted with hydroxy or fluorine.

Alternatively, R¹ is selected from ethyl, propyl, (C₃-C₅)branched alkyl,(C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkylene-cyclopropyl, —C(O)CH₂NH-cyclopentyl,and —C(O)CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted withfluoro. Alternatively, R¹ is selected from 3-fluoroethyl, propyl,isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl,—C(CH₃)₂-cyclopropyl, —C(O)CH₂NH-cyclopentyl, and—C(O)CH₂-(3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl). Alternatively, R¹ is furtherselected from tert-pentyl. In another alternative, R¹ is selected fromhydrogen and (C₁-C₄)alkyl. Alternatively, R¹ is selected from hydrogen,methyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

Each of R² and R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,—(C₀-C₆) alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, and—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl; or

R² and R³, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are boundform a heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl optionally comprises 1 to4 additional heteroatoms independently selected from N, S and O.

Alternatively, R² is selected from hydrogen and (C₁-C₃)alkyl and R³ isselected from (C₁-C₃)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, or R² and R³, takentogether with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a 4-7membered saturated heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionallysubstituted with fluoro.

In another alternative, R² and R³ are simultaneously methyl; R² ishydrogen and R³ is C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl; or R² and R³, taken together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a pyrrolidinyl ringoptionally substituted with fluoro.

Each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl or a naturally occurring amino acid side chainmoiety.

Alternatively, two R⁴ taken together with a common carbon atom to whichthey are bound form a 3-7 membered non-aromatic carbocyclyl or a 4-7membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl formed bytwo R⁴ comprises one to three heteroatoms independently selected from N,S and O.

Any substitutable carbon atom on ring A is optionally:

-   -   (i) substituted with one to two substituents independently        selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl;        or    -   (ii) substituted with ═O;    -   (iii) taken together with an adjacent ring atom to form a 3-7        membered saturated carbocyclyl or a 4-7 membered saturated        heterocyclyl ring; or    -   (iv) spyrofused to a 3-7 membered saturated carbocyclyl.

Any additional N heteroatom on ring A is substituted with hydrogen,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl.

Each alkyl or alkylene in Structural Formula I is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from halo, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl and —N(R⁵)(R⁵).

Each carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl portion of a substituent of ring A orthe saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl), —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—N(R⁵)(R⁵) and CN.

Each R⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)alkyl,wherein each alkyl in the group represented by R⁵ is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In one alternative, when X is hydrogen, ring A is not an unsubstitutedbivalent piperidine radical.

Each m is independently 1 or 2.

R^(6a) is selected from hydrogen and methyl.

R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl optionally substituted withhydroxy or phenyl; or R⁶ taken together with R¹ and the nitrogen atomand the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound form apyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring fused to ring A, wherein thepyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring is optionally substituted with —OH or—F; or R⁶ and R^(6a) are taken together with the carbon atom to whichthey are both bound to form a cyclopropyl ring.

Alternatively, R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, (R)-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or—CH₂-phenyl, or R¹ and R⁶ taken together with the nitrogen atom and thecarbon atom to which they are respectively bound form a pyrrolidinylring fused to ring A. Further, R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, (R)-methyl,(R)-isobutyl, (R)-sec-butyl, (R)-isopropyl, and —CH₂-phenyl. Further, atleast one of R¹ and R⁶ is other than hydrogen.

R^(7a) and R^(7b) are each hydrogen. Alternatively, R^(7a) and R^(7b)are taken together to form ═O.

A first embodiment of the present invention is directed to a compoundrepresented by Structural Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   X is selected from halo, —R, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R, —N(R)₂,        —N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(O)OR′, and N(R)S(O)_(m)R′, wherein:    -   each R is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,        carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl, or    -   two R groups taken together with the atom or atoms to which they        are bound form a 4-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl; and    -   R′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl;    -   ring A is a 5-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ring        optionally containing 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected        from N, S and O in addition to the indicated nitrogen atom,        wherein:    -   R¹ is selected from hydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,        —C(O)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³), —C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —C(O)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —S(O)_(m)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³), and        —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl,        —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-heterocyclyl, or    -   R¹ taken together with a ring atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom        to which R¹ is bound forms a saturated heterocyclic ring fused        to ring A;    -   each of R² and R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,        (C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆) alkylene-carbocyclyl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, and        —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl; or    -   R² and R³, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bound form a heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl        optionally comprises 1 to 4 additional heteroatoms independently        selected from N, S and O;    -   each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,        carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl or a naturally occurring amino acid        side chain moiety, or    -   two R⁴ taken together with a common carbon atom to which they        are bound form a 3-7 membered non-aromatic carbocyclyl or a 4-7        membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl        formed by two R⁴ comprises one to three heteroatoms        independently selected from N, S and O;    -   any substitutable carbon atom on ring A is optionally:    -   (i) substituted with one to two substituents independently        selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl;        or    -   (ii) substituted with ═O;    -   (iii) taken together with an adjacent ring atom to form a 3-7        membered saturated carbocyclyl or a 4-7 membered saturated        heterocyclyl ring; or    -   (iv) spyrofused to a 3-7 membered saturated carbocyclyl;    -   any additional N heteroatom on ring A is substituted with        hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl;    -   each alkyl or alkylene in Structural Formula I is optionally and        independently substituted with one or more substituents        independently selected from halo, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl and        —N(R⁵)(R⁵);    -   each carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl portion of a substituent of        ring A or the saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A is        optionally and independently substituted with one or more        substituents independently selected from halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        halo-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),        —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R⁵)(R⁵) and CN;    -   each R⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen and        (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in the group represented by R⁵        is optionally and independently substituted with one or more        substituents independently selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and    -   each m is independently 1 or 2,        with the proviso that when X is hydrogen, ring A is not an        unsubstituted bivalent piperidine radical.

In one aspect of the first embodiment,

-   -   X is selected from fluoro, chloro, hydrogen, methoxy, methyl,        trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy and dimethylamino, wherein the        values for the remaining variables are as defined in the first        embodiment or in the values or alternative values described        above.

In a second aspect of the first embodiment,

-   -   X is selected from halo, —R′, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R, —N(R)₂,        —N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(O)OR′, and N(R)S(O)_(m)R′; and    -   R′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein the        values for the remaining variables are as defined in the first        embodiment or in the values or alternative values described        above.

In a third aspect of the first embodiment:

-   -   X is selected from fluoro, chloro, methoxy, methyl,        trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy and dimethylamino; wherein the        values for the remaining variables are as defined in the second        aspect of the first embodiment or in the values or alternative        values described above.

In a fourth aspect of the first embodiment,

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₀-C₃)alkylene-(saturatedheterocycle), —(C₀-C₃)alkylene-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₃)alkylene-N(R²)(R³), or

R¹ taken together with a ring atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom towhich R¹ is bound forms a saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A;wherein:

-   -   any alkyl or alkylene portion of R¹ or the saturated        heterocyclic ring fused to ring A is optionally substituted with        fluoro or hydroxy;    -   R² is selected from hydrogen and (C₁-C₃)alkyl;    -   R³ is selected from (C₁-C₃)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, or

R² and R³, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are boundform a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl isoptionally substituted with fluoro, wherein the values for the remainingvariables are as defined in the first embodiment or in the values oralternative values described above.

In a fifth aspect of the first embodiment, wherein: R¹ is selected fromhydrogen; (C₁-C₃)straight alkyl optionally substituted with one or moreof: 1 to 5 methyl groups, a single hydroxy group, a single methoxygroup, 1 to 3 fluoro groups, a single saturated heterocycle, and asingle (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl group; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; tetrahydrofuranyl;and —C(O)—CH₂—N(R²)(R³), wherein R² and R³ are simultaneously methyl; R²is hydrogen and R³ is C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl; or R² and R³, taken togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a pyrrolidinyl ringoptionally substituted with fluoro, or

R¹ taken together with a ring atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom towhich R¹ is bound forms a pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring fused to ringA, wherein the pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring fused to ring A isoptionally substituted with hydroxy or fluorine wherein the values forthe remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment or in thevalues or alternative values described above.

In a second embodiment, the compound of the present invention isrepresented by Structural Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein:

ring A is selected from

R^(6a) is selected from hydrogen and methyl; and

R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl optionally substituted withhydroxy or phenyl; or

R⁶ taken together with R¹ and the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom towhich they are respectively bound form a pyrrolidinyl or piperidinylring fused to ring A, wherein the pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring isoptionally substituted with —OH or —F; or

R⁶ and R^(6a) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they areboth bound to form a cyclopropyl ring; and

R^(7a) and R^(7b) are each hydrogen or are taken together to form ═O;wherein the values for the remaining variables are as defined in thefirst embodiment or aspects thereof or in the values or alternativevalues described above.

For example, the compounds of the second embodiment are represented byStructural Formula (II), (IIIa), (IVa), (Va) or (VIa):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the values for theremaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment or aspectsthereof, the second embodiment, or in the values or alternative valuesdescribed above.

In a third embodiment, the compound of the present invention isrepresented by Structural Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein:

ring A is

X is selected from fluoro, chloro, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, anddimethylamino; and

R¹ is selected from ethyl, propyl, (C₃-C₅)branched alkyl,(C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkylene-cyclopropyl, —C(O)CH₂NH-cyclopentyl,and —C(O)CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted withfluoro, wherein the values for the remaining variables are as defined inthe first or second embodiments or aspects thereof or in the values oralternative values described above.

In a specific aspect of the third embodiment, X is selected from fluoro,chloro, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, and dimethylamino; and

R¹ is selected from 3-fluoroethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl,tert-butyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl, —C(CH₃)₂-cyclopropyl,—C(O)CH₂NH-cyclopentyl, —C(O)CH₂-(3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl); and when Xis methoxy or dimethylamino, R¹ is further selected from tert-pentyl,wherein the values for the remaining variables are as defined in thefirst or second embodiments or aspects thereof or in the values oralternative values described above.

In a fourth embodiment, the compound of the present invention isrepresented by Structural Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein:

ring A is

X is fluoro; and

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein the values for theremaining variables are as defined in the first or second embodiments oraspects thereof or in the values or alternative values described above.

In a specific aspect of the fourth embodiment, R¹ is selected fromisopropyl, propyl or ethyl, wherein the values for the remainingvariables are as defined in the first or second embodiments or aspectsthereof or in the values or alternative values described above.

In a fifth embodiment, the compound of the present invention isrepresented by Structural Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein:

ring A is

X is fluoro;

R¹ is selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl;

R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, (R)-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —CH₂-phenyl, or

R¹ and R⁶ taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom towhich they are respectively bound form a pyrrolidinyl ring fused to ringA;

R^(7a) and R^(7b) are each hydrogen or are taken together to form ═O,wherein at least one of R¹, and R⁶ is other than hydrogen, wherein thevalues for the remaining variables are as defined in the first or secondembodiments or aspects thereof or in the values or alternative valuesdescribed above.

In a specific aspect of the fifth embodiment, R¹ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl; and

R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, (R)-methyl, (R)-isobutyl, (R)-sec-butyl,(R)-isopropyl, and —CH₂-phenyl. “(R)” signifies the chirality at thecarbon atom to which R⁶ is attached. Specific structures are as follows:

Alternatively, R¹ and R⁶ taken together with the nitrogen atom and thecarbon atom to which they are respectively bound form a pyrrolidinylring fused to ring A. The values for the remaining variables are asdefined in the first or second embodiments or aspects thereof or in thevalues or alternative values described above.

Exemplary compounds represented by Structural Formula (II) are shown inTables 1-4 below:

TABLE 1 (II)

Compound X R¹ 100 F

101 F

102 F

103 N(CH3)₂

104 F

105 F

106 F

107 F

108 F

109 H

110 Cl

111 F

112 CF₃

113 CF₃

114 F

115 N(CH3)₂

116 CF₃

117 Cl

118 F

119 OCH₃

120 F

121 F

122 F

123 F

124 N(CH3)₂

125 OCH₃

126 CF₃

127 N(CH3)₂

128 CF₃

129 F

130 F

131 F

132 F

133 F

134 F

135 N(CH3)₂

136 F

137 F

138 OCH₃

139 F

140 F

141 CF₃

142 F

143 F

144 Cl

145 OCH₃

146 F

147 F

148 OCH₃

149 Cl

150 Cl

TABLE 2 Exemplary Compounds of Formula III (III)

Compound R¹ 200

201

202

TABLE 3 Exemplary Compounds of Formula IV. (IV)

Compound R¹ 300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

TABLE 4 Exemplary Compounds of Formula V or VI. (V)

(VI)

Compound ring A 400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

In a sixth embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented byany one of the structural formulas described in Tables 1, 2, 3 or 4, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a seventh embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compoundselected from any one of Compounds 100, 103, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115,118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135,138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, and 149 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

In an eighth embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compoundselected from any one of Compounds 300, 304, and 307 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a ninth embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compoundselected from any one of Compounds 400, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409,410, 412, 413, 416, 417, 419, 421, 422, 423, 424, 427, 428, and 429 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

DEFINITIONS

“Alkyl” means an optionally substituted saturated aliphatic branched orstraight-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical having the specifiednumber of carbon atoms. Thus, “(C₁-C₆) alkyl” means a radical havingfrom 1-6 carbon atoms in a linear or branched arrangement.“(C₁-C₆)alkyl” includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl.

“Alkylene” means an optionally substituted saturated aliphatic branchedor straight-chain divalent hydrocarbon radical having the specifiednumber of carbon atoms. Thus, “(C₁-C₆)alkylene” means a divalentsaturated aliphatic radical having from 1-6 carbon atoms in a lineararrangement, e.g., —[(CH₂)_(n)]—, where n is an integer from 1 to 6,“(C₁-C₆)alkylene” includes methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene,pentylene and hexylene. Alternatively, “(C₁-C₆)alkylene” means adivalent saturated radical having from 1-6 carbon atoms in a branchedarrangement, for example: —[(CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)]—,—[(CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂]—, —[(CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH(CH₃))]—, and the like. Aspecific branched C₃-alkylene is

and a specific C₄-alkylene is

Each alkyl or alkylene in Structural Formula I is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from halo, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl and —N(R⁵)(R⁵).

“Aryl” or “aromatic” means an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g.bicyclic or tricyclic) carbocyclic ring system. In one embodiment,“aryl” is a 6-12 membered monocylic or bicyclic system. Aryl systemsinclude, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl,azulenyl, and anthracenyl.

“Carbocyclyl” means a cyclic group with only ring carbon atoms.“Carbocyclyl” includes 3-12 membered saturated or unsaturated aliphaticcyclic hydrocarbon rings or 6-12 membered aryl rings. A carbocyclylmoiety can be monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, spirobicyclic, or polycyclic.

Monocyclic carbocyclyls are saturated or unsaturated aliphatic cyclichydrocarbon rings or aromatic hydrocarbon rings having the specifiednumber of carbon atoms. Monocyclic carbocyclyls include cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl and phenyl.

A fused bicyclic carbocyclyl has two rings which have two adjacent ringatoms in common. The first ring is a monocyclic carbocyclyl and thesecond ring is a monocyclic carbocyclyl or a monocyclic heterocyclyl.

A bridged bicyclic carbocyclyl has two rings which have three or moreadjacent ring atoms in common. The first ring is a monocycliccarbocyclyl and the second ring is a monocyclic carbocyclyl or amonocyclic heterocyclyl.

A spiro bicyclic carbocyclyl has two rings which have only one ring atomin common. The first ring is a monocyclic carbocyclyl and the secondring is a monocyclic carbocyclyl or a monocyclic heterocyclyl.

Polycyclic carbocyclyls have more than two rings (e.g., three ringsresulting in a tricyclic ring system) and adjacent rings have at leastone ring atom in common. The first ring is a monocyclic carbocyclyl andthe remainder of the ring structures are monocyclic carbocyclyls ormonocyclic heterocyclyls. Polycyclic ring systems include fused, bridgedand spiro ring systems. A fused polycyclic ring system has at least tworings that have two adjacent ring atoms in common. A spiro polycyclicring system has at least two rings that have only one ring atom incommon. A bridged polycyclic ring system has at least two rings thathave three or more adjacent ring atoms in common.

“Cycloalkyl” means a saturated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon ring. Thus,“C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl” means a hydrocarbon radical of a (3-7 membered)saturated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon ring. A C₃-C₇ cycloalkylincludes, but is not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.

“Cycloalkene” means an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon ring having one ormore double bonds in the ring.

“Cycloalkyne” means an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon ring having one ormore triple bonds in the ring.

“Hetero” refers to the replacement of at least one carbon atom member ina ring system with at least one heteroatom selected from N, S, and O.“Hetero” also refers to the replacement of at least one carbon atommember in a acyclic system. A hetero ring system or a hetero acyclicsystem may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atom members replaced by aheteroatom.

“Heterocyclyl” means a cyclic 4-12 membered saturated or unsaturatedaliphatic or aromatic ring containing 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatomsindependently selected from N, O or S. When one heteroatom is S, it canbe optionally mono- or di-oxygenated (i.e. —S(O)— or —S(O)₂—). Theheterocyclyl can be monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, spirobicyclic or polycyclic.

“Saturated heterocyclyl” means an aliphatic heterocyclyl group withoutany degree of unsaturation (i.e., no double bond or triple bond). It canbe monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic, spiro bicyclic orpolycyclic.

Examples of monocyclic saturated heterocyclyls include, but are notlimited to, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, azepane,hexahydropyrimidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, morpholine,thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazine,tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazine 1,1-dioxide, isothiazolidine, isothiazolidine1,1-dioxide.

A fused bicyclic heterocyclyl has two rings which have two adjacent ringatoms in common. The first ring is a monocyclic heterocyclyl and thesecond ring is a monocyclic carbocycle (such as a cycloalkyl or phenyl)or a monocyclic heterocyclyl. For example, the second ring is a(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl andcyclohexyl. Alternatively, the second ring is phenyl. Examples of fusedbicyclic heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to,octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrolyl, indoline, isoindoline,2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazole,2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazole, octahydrobenzo[d]oxazole,octahydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, octahydrobenzo[d]thiazole,octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, and3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane.

A spiro bicyclic heterocyclyl has two rings which have only one ringatom in common. The first ring is a monocyclic heterocyclyl and thesecond ring is a monocyclic carbocycle (such as a cycloalkyl or phenyl)or a monocyclic heterocyclyl. For example, the second ring is a(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl. Alternatively, the second ring is phenyl. Example ofspiro bicyclic heterocyclyl includes, but are not limited to,azaspiro[4.4]nonane, 7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane, azasprio[4.5]decane,8-azaspiro[4.5]decane, azaspiro[5.5]undecane, 3-azaspiro[5.5]undecaneand 3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane.

A bridged bicyclic heterocyclyl has two rings which have three or moreadjacent ring atoms in common. The first ring is a monocyclicheterocyclyl and the other ring is a monocyclic carbocycle (such as acycloalkyl or phenyl) or a monocyclic heterocyclyl. Examples of bridgedbicyclic heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to,azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane,6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane,2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

Polycyclic heterocyclyls have more than two rings, one of which is aheterocyclyl (e.g., three rings resulting in a tricyclic ring system)and adjacent rings having at least one ring atom in common. Polycyclicring systems include fused, bridged and spiro ring systems. A fusedpolycyclic ring system has at least two rings that have two adjacentring atoms in common. A spiro polycyclic ring system has at least tworings that have only one ring atom in common. A bridged polycyclic ringsystem has at least two rings that have three or more adjacent ringatoms in common.

“Heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic ring” means a 5-12 membered monovalentheteroaromatic monocyclic or bicylic ring radical. A herteroarylcontains 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, andS. Heteroaryls include, but are not limited to furan, oxazole,thiophene, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazole,1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide, 1,2,5-thiadiazole 1-oxide,1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,3,5-triazine,imidazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine,pyridine-N-oxide, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, tetrazole, andthiazole. Bicyclic heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to,bicyclo[4.4.0] and bicyclo[4.3.0] fused ring systems such as indolizine,indole, isoindole, indazole, benzimidazole, benzthiazole, purine,quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline,quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine.

In a particular embodiment, each carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl portion ofa substituent of ring A or the saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ringA is optionally and independently substituted. Exemplary substituentsinclude halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

“Halogen” used herein refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

“Alkoxy” means an alkyl radical attached through an oxygen linking atom.“(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy” includes methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy andhexoxy.

Haloalkyl and halocycloalkyl include mono, poly, and perhaloalkyl groupswhere each halogen is independently selected from fluorine, chlorine,and bromine.

“Halogen” and “halo” are interchangeably used herein and each refers tofluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

“Fluoro” means —F.

As used herein, fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl means a (C₁-C₄)alkylsubstituted with one or more —F groups. Examples offluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl include, but are not limited to, —CF₃,—CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂H, —CH₂CH₂F and —CH₂CH₂CF₃.

“Naturally occurring amino acid side chain moiety” refers to any aminoacid side chain moiety present in a natural amino acid.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrierand/or diluent and a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” and “pharmaceutically acceptablediluent” means non-therapeutic components that are of sufficient purityand quality for use in the formulation of a composition of the inventionthat, when appropriately administered to an animal or human, typicallydo not produce an adverse reaction, and that are used as a vehicle for adrug substance (i.e. a compound of the present invention).

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the presentinvention are also included. For example, an acid salt of a compound ofthe present invention containing an amine or other basic group can beobtained by reacting the compound with a suitable organic or inorganicacid, resulting in pharmaceutically acceptable anionic salt forms.Examples of anionic salts include the acetate, benzenesulfonate,benzoate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate,carbonate, chloride, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate,estolate, esylate, fumarate, glyceptate, gluconate, glutamate,glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride,hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, malate,maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate,pamoate, pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate,salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, tannate, tartrate,teoclate, tosylate, and triethiodide salts.

Salts of the compounds of the present invention containing a carboxylicacid or other acidic functional group can be prepared by reacting with asuitable base. Such a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be made witha base which affords a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, whichincludes alkali metal salts (especially sodium and potassium), alkalineearth metal salts (especially calcium and magnesium), aluminum salts andammonium salts, as well as salts made from physiologically acceptableorganic bases such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, morpholine,pyridine, piperidine, picoline, dicyclohexylamine,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, 2-hydroxyethylamine,bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, procaine,dibenzylpiperidine, dehydroabietylamine, N,N′-bisdehydroabietylamine,glucamine, N-methylglucamine, collidine, quinine, quinoline, and basicamino acids such as lysine and arginine.

The invention also includes various isomers and mixtures thereof.Certain of the compounds of the present invention may exist in variousstereoisomeric forms. Stereoisomers are compounds which differ only intheir spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers whosemirror images are not superimposable, most commonly because they containan asymmetrically substituted carbon atom that acts as a chiral center.“Enantiomer” means one of a pair of molecules that are mirror images ofeach other and are not superimposable. Diastereomers are stereoisomersthat are not related as mirror images, most commonly because theycontain two or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms. “R” and “S”represent the configuration of substituents around one or more chiralcarbon atoms. When a chiral center is not defined as R or S, either apure enantiomer or a mixture of both configurations is present.

“Racemate” or “racemic mixture” means a compound of equimolar quantitiesof two enantiomers, wherein such mixtures exhibit no optical activity;i.e., they do not rotate the plane of polarized light.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared as individual isomers byeither isomer-specific synthesis or resolved from an isomeric mixture.Conventional resolution techniques include forming the salt of a freebase of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active acid(followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the freebase), forming the salt of the acid form of each isomer of an isomericpair using an optically active amine (followed by fractionalcrystallization and regeneration of the free acid), forming an ester oramide of each of the isomers of an isomeric pair using an optically pureacid, amine or alcohol (followed by chromatographic separation andremoval of the chiral auxiliary), or resolving an isomeric mixture ofeither a starting material or a final product using various well knownchromatographic methods.

When the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted bystructure, the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight pure relative to the other stereoisomers.When a single enantiomer is named or depicted by structure, the depictedor named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% byweight optically pure. Percent optical purity by weight is the ratio ofthe weight of the enantiomer that is present divided by the combinedweight of the enantiomer that is present and the weight of its opticalisomer.

The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing asubject with a tetracycline-responsive disease or disorder comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of thepresent invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

“Tetracycline-responsive disease or disorder” refers to a disease ordisorder that can be treated, prevented, or otherwise ameliorated by theadministration of a tetracycline compound of the present invention.Tetracycline-responsive disease or disorder includes infections, cancer,inflammatory disorders, autoimmune disease, arteriosclerosis, cornealulceration, emphysema, arthritis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, multiplesclerosis, osteosarcoma, osteomyelitis, bronchiectasis, chronicpulmonary obstructive disease, skin and eye diseases, periodontitis,osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, prostatitis,tumor growth and invasion, metastasis, diabetes, diabetic proteinuria,panbronchiolitis, aortic or vascular aneurysms, skin tissue wounds, dryeye, bone, cartilage degradation, malaria, senescence, diabetes,vascular stroke, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiac disease, juvenilediabetes, acute and chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and respiratoryinfections, including the common cold, Wegener's granulomatosis;neutrophilic dermatoses and other inflammatory diseases such asdermatitis herpetiformis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, bullous lupuserythematosus, pustular psoriasis, erythema elevatum diutinum; vitiligo,discoid lupus erythematosus; pyoderma gangrenosum, pustular psoriasis,blepharitis, or meibomianitis, Alzheimer's disease, degenerativemaculopathy; acute and chronic gastroenteritis and colitis; acute andchronic cystitis and urethritis; acute and chronic dermatitis; acute andchronic conjunctivitis, acute and chronic serositis, uremicpericarditis; acute and chronic cholecystis, cystic fibrosis, acute andchronic vaginitis, acute and chronic uveitis, drug reactions, insectbites, burns and sunburn, bone mass disorder, acute lung injury, chroniclung disorders, ischemia, stroke or ischemic stroke, skin wound, aorticor vascular aneurysm, diabetic retinopathy, hemorrhagic stroke,angiogenesis, and other states for which tetracycline compounds havebeen found to be active (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,789,395;5,834,450; 6,277,061 and 5,532,227, each of which is expresslyincorporated herein by reference).

In addition, a method to treat any disease or disease state that couldbenefit from modulating the expression and/or function of nitric oxide,metalloproteases, proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, reactiveoxygen species, components of the immune response, including chemotaxis,lymphocyte transformation, delayed hypersensitivity, antibodyproduction, phagocytosis, and oxidative metabolism of phagocytes. Amethod to treat any disease or disease state that could benefit frommodulating the expression and/or function of C-reactive protein,signaling pathways (e.g., FAK signaling pathway), and/or augment theexpression of COX-2 and PGE₂ production is covered. A method to treatany disease or disease state that could benefit from inhibition ofneovascularization is covered.

Compounds of the invention can be used to prevent or treat importantmammalian and veterinary diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tractinfections, infections of skin and skin structure including wounds,cellulitis, and abscesses, ear, nose and throat infections, mastitis andthe like. In addition, methods for treating neoplasms using tetracyclinecompounds of the invention are also included (van der Bozert et al.,Cancer Res., 48: 6686-6690 (1988)).

Infections that can be treated using compounds of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but are not limitedto, skin infections, GI infections, urinary tract infections,genito-urinary infections, respiratory tract infections, sinusesinfections, middle ear infections, systemic infections, intra-abdominalinfections, pyelonephritis, pneumonia, bacterial vaginosis,streptococcal sore throat, chronic bacterial prostatitis, gynecologicaland pelvic infections, sexually transmitted bacterial diseases, ocularand otic infections, cholera, influenza, bronchitis, acne, psoriasis,rosacea, impetigo, malaria, sexually transmitted disease includingsyphilis and gonorrhea, Legionnaires' disease, Lyme disease, RockyMountain spotted fever, Q fever, typhus, bubonic plague, gas gangrene,hospital acquired infections, leptospirosis, whooping cough, anthrax andinfections caused by the agents responsible for lymphogranulomavenereum, inclusion conjunctivitis, or psittacosis. Infections can bebacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral infections (including those whichare resistant to other tetracycline compounds).

In one embodiment, the infection is a respiratory infection. In aparticular aspect, the respiratory infection is Community-AcquiredBacterial Pneumonia (CABP). In a more particular embodiment, therespiratory infection, for example, CABP is caused by a bacteriumselected from S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, H. influenza, M.catarrhalis and Legionella pneumophila.

In another embodiment, the infection is a skin infection. In aparticular aspect the skin infection is an acute bacterial skin and skinstructure infection (ABSSSI). In a more particular embodiment, the skininfection, for example ABSSSI is caused by a bacterium selected from S.aureus, CoNS, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, E. faecalis and E. faecium.

In one embodiment, the infection can be caused by a bacterium (e.g. ananaerobic or aerobic bacterium).

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by a Gram-positivebacterium. In a specific aspect of this embodiment, the infection iscaused by a Gram-positive bacterium selected from class Bacilli,including, but not limited to, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.,Enterococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Listeria spp.; phylum Actinobacteria,including, but not limited to, Propionibacterium spp., Corynebacteriumspp., Nocardia spp., Actinobacteria spp., and class Clostridia,including, but not limited to, Clostridium spp.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by a Gram-positivebacterium selected from S. aureus, CoNS, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S.agalactiae, E. faecalis and E. faecium.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by a Gram-negativebacterium. In one aspect of this embodiment, the infection is caused bya phylum Proteobacteria (e.g., Betaproteobacteria andGammaproteobacteria), including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella,other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Helicobacter,Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio, acetic acid bacteria, Legionella oralpha-proteobacteria such as Wolbachia. In another aspect, the infectionis caused by a Gram-negative bacterium selected from cyanobacteria,spirochaetes, green sulfur or green non-sulfur bacteria. In a specificaspect of this embodiment, the infection is caused by a Gram-negativebacteria selected from Enterobactericeae (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae including those containing extended-spectrum β-lactamasesand/or carbapenemases), Bacteroidetes (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis),Vibrionaceae (Vibrio cholerae), Pasteurellaceae (e.g., Haemophilusinfluenzae), Pseudomonadaceae (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa),Neisseriaceae (e.g. Neisseria meningitidis), Rickettsiae, Moraxellaceae(e.g., Moraxella catarrhalis), any species of Proteeae, Acinetobacterspp., Helicobacter spp., and Campylobacter spp. In a particularembodiment, the infection is caused by Gram-negative bacterium selectedfrom the group consisting of Enterobactericeae (e.g., E. coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae), Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter spp. In anotherembodiment, the infection is caused by an organism selected from thegroup consisting of K. pneumoniae, Salmonella, E. hirae, A. baumanii, M.catarrhais, H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecium, E. coli, S.aureus, and E. faecalis.

In another embodiment, the infection is cause by a gram negativebacterium selected from H. influenza, M. catarrhalis and Legionellapneumophila.

In one embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism that growsintracellularly as part of its infection process.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism selectedfrom the group consisting of order Rickettsiales; phylum Chlamydiae;order Chlamydiales; Legionella spp.; class Mollicutes, including, butnot limited to, Mycoplasma spp. (e.g. Mycoplasma pneumoniae);Mycobacterium spp. (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis); and phylumSpriochaetales (e.g. Borrelia spp. and Treponema spp.).

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by a Category ABiodefense organism as described athttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp, the entire teachingsof which are incorporated herein by reference. Examples of Category Aorganisms include, but are not limited to, Bacillus anthracis (anthrax),Yersinia pestis (plague), Clostridium botulinum (botulism) orFrancisella tularensis (tularemia). In another embodiment the infectionis a Bacillus anthracis infection. “Bacillus anthracis infection”includes any state, diseases, or disorders caused or which result fromexposure or alleged exposure to Bacillus anthracis or another member ofthe Bacillus cereus group of bacteria.

Additional infections that can be treated using compounds of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but arenot limited to, anthrax, botulism, bubonic plague, and tularemia.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by a Category BBiodefense organism as described athttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp, the entire teachingsof which are incorporated herein by reference. Examples of Category Borganisms include, but are not limited to, Brucella spp, Clostridiumperfringens, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp.,Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Chlamydia psittaci,Coxiella burnetii, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Rickettsia prowazekii,Vibrio cholerae, and Cryptosporidium parvum.

Additional infections that can be treated using compounds of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but arenot limited to, Brucellosis, Clostridium perfringens, food-borneillnesses, Glanders, Melioidosis, Psittacosis, Q fever, and water-borneillnesses.

In yet another embodiment, the infection can be caused by one or morethan one organism described above. Examples of such infections include,but are not limited to, intra-abdominal infections (often a mixture of agram-negative species like E. coli and an anaerobe like B. fragilis),diabetic foot (various combinations of Streptococcus, Serratia,Staphylococcus and Enterococcus spp., anaerobes (S. E. Dowd, et al.,PloS one 2008; 3:e3326, the entire teachings of which are incorporatedherein by reference) and respiratory disease (especially in patientsthat have chronic infections like cystic fibrosis—e.g., S. aureus plusP. aeruginosa or H. influenzae, atypical pathogens), wounds andabscesses (various gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, notablyMSSA/MRSA, coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococci, Acinetobacter,P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. fragilis), and bloodstream infections (13%were polymicrobial (H. Wisplinghoff, et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004;39:311-317, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein byreference)).

In one embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistant toone or more antibiotics.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto tetracycline or any member of first and second generation oftetracycline antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline or minocycline).

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto methicillin.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto vancomycin.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto a quinolone or fluoroquinolone.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto tigecycline or any other tetracycline derivative. In a particularembodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistant totigecycline.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto a β-lactam or cephalosporin antibiotic or an organism resistant topenems or carbapenems.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto an antimicrobial peptide or a biosimilar therapeutic treatment.Antimicrobial peptides (also called host defense peptides) are anevolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response and arefound among all classes of life. In this case, antimicrobial peptiderefers to any naturally occurring molecule or any semi/syntheticmolecule that are analogs of anionic peptides, linear cationic α-helicalpeptides, cationic peptides enriched for specific amino acids (i.e. richin proline, arginine, phenylalanine, glycine, tryptophan), and anionicand cationic peptides that contain cystein and form disulfide bonds.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin antibiotics, oxazolidinones,and pleuromutilins.

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by an organism resistantto PTK0796 (7-dimethylamino,9-(2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-aminomethylcycline).

In another embodiment, the infection is caused by a multidrug-resistantpathogen (having intermediate or full resistance to any two or moreantibiotics).

In a further embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease or disorderis not a bacterial infection. In another embodiment, the tetracyclinecompounds of the invention are essentially non-antibacterial. Forexample, non-antibacterial compounds of the invention may have MICvalues greater than about 4 μg/ml (as measured by assays known in theart and/or the assay given in Example 151. In another embodiment, thetetracycline compounds of the invention have both antibacterial andnon-antibacterial effects.

Tetracycline responsive disease or disorder also includes diseases ordisorders associated with inflammatory process associated states (IPAS).The term “inflammatory process associated state” includes states inwhich inflammation or inflammatory factors (e.g., matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs), nitric oxide (NO), TNF, interleukins, plasmaproteins, cellular defense systems, cytokines, lipid metabolites,proteases, toxic radicals, adhesion molecules, etc.) are involved or arepresent in an area in aberrant amounts, e.g., in amounts which may beadvantageous to alter, e.g., to benefit the subject. The inflammatoryprocess is the response of living tissue to damage. The cause ofinflammation may be due to physical damage, chemical substances,micro-organisms, tissue necrosis, cancer or other agents. Acuteinflammation is short-lasting, lasting only a few days. If it is longerlasting however, then it may be referred to as chronic inflammation.

IPASs include inflammatory disorders. Inflammatory disorders aregenerally characterized by heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss offunction. Examples of causes of inflammatory disorders include, but arenot limited to, microbial infections (e.g., bacterial and fungalinfections), physical agents (e.g., burns, radiation, and trauma),chemical agents (e.g., toxins and caustic substances), tissue necrosisand various types of immunologic reactions.

Examples of inflammatory disorders can be treated using the compounds ofthe invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, butare not limited to, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute andchronic infections (bacterial and fungal, including diphtheria andpertussis); acute and chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and upperrespiratory infections, including the common cold; acute and chronicgastroenteritis and colitis; inflammatory bowel disorder; acute andchronic cystitis and urethritis; vasculitis; sepsis; nephritis;pancreatitis; hepatitis; lupus; inflammatory skin disorders including,for example, eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acnerosacea, and acute and chronic dermatitis; acute and chronicconjunctivitis; acute and chronic serositis (pericarditis, peritonitis,synovitis, pleuritis and tendinitis); uremic pericarditis; acute andchronic cholecystis; acute and chronic vaginitis; acute and chronicuveitis; drug reactions; insect bites; burns (thermal, chemical, andelectrical); and sunburn.

IPASs also include matrix metalloproteinase associated states (MMPAS).MMPAS include states characterized by aberrant amounts of MMPs or MMPactivity. Examples of matrix metalloproteinase associated states(“MMPAS's”) can be treated using compounds of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, include, but are not limitedto, arteriosclerosis, corneal ulceration, emphysema, osteoarthritis,multiple sclerosis (Liedtke et al., Ann. Neurol. 1998, 44: 35-46;Chandler et al., J. Neuroimmunol. 1997, 72: 155-71), osteosarcoma,osteomyelitis, bronchiectasis, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease,skin and eye diseases, periodontitis, osteoporosis, rheumatoidarthritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory disorders, tumor growth andinvasion (Stetler-Stevenson et al., Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1993, 9:541-73; Tryggvason et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1987, 907: 191-217; Liet al., Mol. Carcillog. 1998, 22: 84-89)), metastasis, acute lunginjury, stroke, ischemia, diabetes, aortic or vascular aneurysms, skintissue wounds, dry eye, bone and cartilage degradation (Greenwald etal., Bone 1998, 22: 33-38; Ryan et al., Curr. Op. Rheumatol. 1996, 8:238-247). Other MMPAS include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,459,135; 5,321,017; 5,308,839; 5,258,371; 4,935,412; 4,704,383,4,666,897, and RE 34,656, incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

In a further embodiment, the IPAS includes disorders described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,929,055; and 5,532,227, incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

Tetracycline responsive disease or disorder also includes diseases ordisorders associated with NO associated states. The term “NO associatedstates” includes states which involve or are associated with nitricoxide (NO) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). NO associatedstate includes states which are characterized by aberrant amounts of NOand/or iNOS. Preferably, the NO associated state can be treated byadministering tetracycline compounds of the invention. The disorders,diseases and states described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,231,894; 6,015,804;5,919,774; and 5,789,395 are also included as NO associated states. Theentire contents of each of these patents are hereby incorporated hereinby reference.

Examples of diseases or disorders associated with NO associated statescan be treated using the compounds of the present invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but are not limitedto, malaria, senescence, diabetes, vascular stroke, neurodegenerativedisorders (Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease), cardiacdisease (reperfusion-associated injury following infarction), juvenilediabetes, inflammatory disorders, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,acute, recurrent and chronic infections (bacterial, viral and fungal);acute and chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and respiratory infections,including the common cold; acute and chronic gastroenteritis andcolitis; acute and chronic cystitis and urethritis; acute and chronicdermatitis; acute and chronic conjunctivitis; acute and chronicserositis (pericarditis, peritonitis, synovitis, pleuritis andtendonitis); uremic pericarditis; acute and chronic cholecystis; cysticfibrosis, acute and chronic vaginitis; acute and chronic uveitis; drugreactions; insect bites; burns (thermal, chemical, and electrical); andsunburn.

In another embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease or disorderis cancer. Examples of cancers that can be treated using the compoundsof the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof includeall solid tumors, i.e., carcinomas e.g., adenocarcinomas, and sarcomas.Adenocarcinomas are carcinomas derived from glandular tissue or in whichthe tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. Sarcomas broadlyinclude tumors whose cells are embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneoussubstance like embryonic connective tissue. Examples of carcinomas whichmay be treated using the methods of the invention include, but are notlimited to, carcinomas of the prostate, breast, ovary, testis, lung,colon, and breast. The methods of the invention are not limited to thetreatment of these tumor types, but extend to any solid tumor derivedfrom any organ system. Examples of treatable cancers include, but arenot limited to, colon cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, melanoma,ovarian carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, lung cancer, and a variety ofother cancers as well. The methods of the invention also cause theinhibition of cancer growth in adenocarcinomas, such as, for example,those of the prostate, breast, kidney, ovary, testes, and colon. In oneembodiment, the cancers treated by methods of the invention includethose described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,100,248; 5,843,925; 5,837,696; or5,668,122, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Alternatively, the tetracycline compounds may be useful for preventingor reducing the likelihood of cancer recurrence, for example, to treatresidual cancer following surgical resection or radiation therapy. Thetetracycline compounds useful according to the invention are especiallyadvantageous as they are substantially non-toxic compared to othercancer treatments.

In a further embodiment, the compounds of the invention are administeredin combination with standard cancer therapy, such as, but not limitedto, chemotherapy.

Examples of tetracycline responsive states can be treated using thecompounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofalso include neurological disorders which include both neuropsychiatricand neurodegenerative disorders, but are not limited to, such asAlzheimer's disease, dementias related to Alzheimer's disease (such asPick's disease), Parkinson's and other Lewy diffuse body diseases,senile dementia, Huntington's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome,multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressivesupranuclear palsy, epilepsy, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; autonomicfunction disorders such as hypertension and sleep disorders, andneuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia,schizoaffective disorder, Korsakoff's psychosis, mania, anxietydisorders, or phobic disorders; learning or memory disorders, e.g.,amnesia or age-related memory loss, attention deficit disorder,dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, mania,obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders,anxiety, phobias, panic disorder, as well as bipolar affective disorder,e.g., severe bipolar affective (mood) disorder (BP-1), bipolar affectiveneurological disorders, e.g., migraine and obesity.

Further neurological disorders include, for example, those listed in theAmerican Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical manual ofMental Disorders (DSM), the most current version of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In another embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease or disorderis diabetes. Diabetes that can be treated using the compounds of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but arenot limited to, juvenile diabetes, diabetes mellitus, diabetes type I,or diabetes type II. In a further embodiment, protein glycosylation isnot affected by the administration of the tetracycline compounds of theinvention. In another embodiment, the tetracycline compound of theinvention is administered in combination with standard diabetictherapies, such as, but not limited to insulin therapy.

In another embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease or disorderis a bone mass disorder. Bone mass disorders that can be treated usingthe compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof include disorders where a subjects bones are disorders andstates where the formation, repair or remodeling of bone isadvantageous. For examples bone mass disorders include osteoporosis(e.g., a decrease in bone strength and density), bone fractures, boneformation associated with surgical procedures (e.g., facialreconstruction), osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease),hypophosphatasia, Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, osteopetrosis,myeloma bone disease, and the depletion of calcium in bone, such as thatwhich is related to primary hyperparathyroidism. Bone mass disordersinclude all states in which the formation, repair or remodeling of boneis advantageous to the subject as well as all other disorders associatedwith the bones or skeletal system of a subject which can be treated withthe tetracycline compounds of the invention. In a further embodiment,the bone mass disorders include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,459,135; 5,231,017; 5,998,390; 5,770,588; RE 34,656; 5,308,839;4,925,833; 3,304,227; and 4,666,897, each of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In another embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease or disorderis acute lung injury. Acute lung injuries that can be treated using thecompounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofinclude adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), post-pump syndrome(PPS), and trauma. Trauma includes any injury to living tissue caused byan extrinsic agent or event. Examples of trauma include, but are notlimited to, crush injuries, contact with a hard surface, or cutting orother damage to the lungs.

The tetracycline responsive disease or disorders of the invention alsoinclude chronic lung disorders. Examples of chronic lung disorders thatcan be treated using the compounds of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but are not limited,to asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), and emphysema. In a further embodiment, the acute and/or chroniclung disorders that can be treated using the compounds of the inventionor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include those described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,977,091; 6,043,231; 5,523,297; and 5,773,430, each ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In yet another embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease ordisorder is ischemia, stroke, or ischemic stroke.

In a further embodiment, the tetracycline compounds of the invention ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used to treat suchdisorders as described above and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,231,894; 5,773,430;5,919,775 and 5,789,395, incorporated herein by reference.

In still a further embodiment, the tetracycline compounds of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used totreat pain, for example, inflammatory, nociceptive or neuropathic pain.The pain can be either acute or chronic.

In another embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease or disorderis a skin wound. The invention also provides a method for improving thehealing response of the epithelialized tissue (e.g., skin, mucosae) toacute traumatic injury (e.g., cut, burn, scrape, etc.). The methodincludes using a tetracycline compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to improve the capacity of theepithelialized tissue to heal acute wounds. The method may increase therate of collagen accumulation of the healing tissue. The method may alsodecrease the proteolytic activity in the epithelialized tissue bydecreasing the collagenolytic and/or gellatinolytic activity of MMPs. Ina further embodiment, the tetracycline compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to the surfaceof the skin (e.g., topically). In a further embodiment, the tetracyclinecompound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofis used to treat a skin wound, and other such disorders as described in,for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,827,840; 4,704,383; 4,935,412; 5,258,371;5,308,839, 5,459,135; 5,532,227; and 6,015,804; each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In yet another embodiment, the tetracycline responsive disease ordisorder is an aortic or vascular aneurysm in vascular tissue of asubject (e.g., a subject having or at risk of having an aortic orvascular aneurysm, etc.). The tetracycline compound or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be effective to reduce thesize of the vascular aneurysm or it may be administered to the subjectprior to the onset of the vascular aneurysm such that the aneurysm isprevented. In one embodiment, the vascular tissue is an artery, e.g.,the aorta, e.g., the abdominal aorta. In a further embodiment, thetetracycline compounds of the invention are used to treat disordersdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,043,225 and 5,834,449, incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

The compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof can be used alone or in combination with one or more therapeuticagent in the methods of the invention disclosed herein.

The language “in combination with” another therapeutic agent ortreatment includes co-administration of the tetracycline compound andwith the other therapeutic agent or treatment as either a singlecombination dosage form or as multiple, separate dosage forms,administration of the tetracycline compound first, followed by the othertherapeutic agent or treatment and administration of the othertherapeutic agent or treatment first, followed by the tetracyclinecompound.

The other therapeutic agent may be any agent that is known in the art totreat, prevent, or reduce the symptoms of a tetracycline-responsivedisease or disorder. The choice of additional therapeutic agent(s) isbased upon the particular tetracycline-responsive disease or disorderbeing treated. Such choice is within the knowledge of a treatingphysician. Furthermore, the other therapeutic agent may be any agent ofbenefit to the patient when administered in combination with theadministration of a tetracycline compound.

The compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof can be used alone or in combination with one or more antibioticsand/or immunomodulators (e.g. Deoxycholic acid, Macrokine, Abatacept,Belatacept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab pegol, Afelimomab,Golimumab, and FKBP/Cyclophilin/Calcineurin: Tacrolimus, Ciclosporin,Pimecrolimus).

As used herein, the term “subject” means a mammal in need of treatmentor prevention, e.g., companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like),farm animals (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, sheep, goats and the like) andlaboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs and the like).Typically, the subject is a human in need of the specified treatment.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to obtainingdesired pharmacological and/or physiological effect. The effect caninclude achieving, partially or substantially, one or more of thefollowing results: partially or totally reducing the extent of thedisease, disorder or syndrome; ameliorating or improving a clinicalsymptom or indicator associated with the disorder; delaying, inhibitingor decreasing the likelihood of the progression of the disease, disorderor syndrome.

As used herein, “preventing” or “prevention” refers to reducing thelikelihood of the onset or development of disease, disorder or syndrome.

“Effective amount” means that amount of active compound agent thatelicits the desired biological response in a subject. In one embodiment,the effective amount of a compound of the invention is from about 0.01mg/kg/day to about 1000 mg/kg/day, from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 100mg/kg/day, or from about 0.5 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day.

The invention further includes the process for making the compositioncomprising mixing one or more of the present compounds and an optionalpharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and includes those compositionsresulting from such a process, which process includes conventionalpharmaceutical techniques.

The compositions of the invention include ocular, oral, nasal,transdermal, topical with or without occlusion, intravenous (both bolusand infusion), inhalable, and injection (intraperitoneally,subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intratumorally, or parenterally)formulations. The composition may be in a dosage unit such as a tablet,pill, capsule, powder, granule, liposome, ion exchange resin, sterileocular solution, or ocular delivery device (such as a contact lens andthe like facilitating immediate release, timed release, or sustainedrelease), parenteral solution or suspension, metered aerosol or liquidspray, drop, ampoule, auto-injector device, or suppository; foradministration ocularly, orally, intranasally, sublingually,parenterally, or rectally, or by inhalation or insufflation.

Compositions of the invention suitable for oral administration includesolid forms such as pills, tablets, caplets, capsules (each includingimmediate release, timed release, and sustained release formulations),granules and powders; and, liquid forms such as solutions, syrups,elixirs, emulsions, and suspensions. Forms useful for ocularadministration include sterile solutions or ocular delivery devices.Forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions,emulsions, and suspensions.

The compositions of the invention may be administered in a form suitablefor once-weekly or once-monthly administration. For example, aninsoluble salt of the active compound may be adapted to provide a depotpreparation for intramuscular injection (e.g., a decanoate salt) or toprovide a solution for ophthalmic administration.

The dosage form containing the composition of the invention contains aneffective amount of the active ingredient necessary to provide atherapeutic effect. The composition may contain from about 5,000 mg toabout 0.5 mg (preferably, from about 1,000 mg to about 0.5 mg) of acompound of the invention or salt form thereof and may be constitutedinto any form suitable for the selected mode of administration. Thecomposition may be administered about 1 to about 5 times per day. Dailyadministration or post-periodic dosing may be employed.

For oral administration, the composition is preferably in the form of atablet or capsule containing, e.g., 500 to 0.5 milligrams of the activecompound. Dosages will vary depending on factors associated with theparticular patient being treated (e.g., age, weight, diet, and time ofadministration), the severity of the condition being treated, thecompound being employed, the mode of administration, and the strength ofthe preparation.

The oral composition is preferably formulated as a homogeneouscomposition, wherein the active ingredient is dispersed evenlythroughout the mixture, which may be readily subdivided into dosageunits containing equal amounts of a compound of the invention.Preferably, the compositions are prepared by mixing a compound of theinvention (or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) with one or moreoptionally present pharmaceutical carriers (such as a starch, sugar,diluent, granulating agent, lubricant, glidant, binding agent, anddisintegrating agent), one or more optionally present inertpharmaceutical excipients (such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols,flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and syrup), one ormore optionally present conventional tableting ingredients (such as cornstarch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesiumstearate, dicalcium phosphate, and any of a variety of gums), and anoptional diluent (such as water).

Binder agents include starch, gelatin, natural sugars (e.g., glucose andbeta-lactose), corn sweeteners and natural and synthetic gums (e.g.,acacia and tragacanth). Disintegrating agents include starch, methylcellulose, agar, and bentonite.

Tablets and capsules represent an advantageous oral dosage unit form.Tablets may be sugarcoated or filmcoated using standard techniques.Tablets may also be coated or otherwise compounded to provide aprolonged, control-release therapeutic effect. The dosage form maycomprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, wherein theouter component is in the form of an envelope over the inner component.The two components may further be separated by a layer which resistsdisintegration in the stomach (such as an enteric layer) and permits theinner component to pass intact into the duodenum or a layer which delaysor sustains release. A variety of enteric and non-enteric layer orcoating materials (such as polymeric acids, shellacs, acetyl alcohol,and cellulose acetate or combinations thereof) may be used.

Compounds of the invention may also be administered via a slow releasecomposition; wherein the composition includes a compound of theinvention and a biodegradable slow release carrier (e.g., a polymericcarrier) or a pharmaceutically acceptable non-biodegradable slow releasecarrier (e.g., an ion exchange carrier).

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable slow release carriers are well knownin the art. Biodegradable carriers are used to form particles ormatrices which retain an active agent(s) and which slowlydegrade/dissolve in a suitable environment (e.g., aqueous, acidic, basicand the like) to release the agent. Such particles degrade/dissolve inbody fluids to release the active compound(s) therein. The particles arepreferably nanoparticles or nanoemulsions (e.g., in the range of about 1to 500 nm in diameter, preferably about 50-200 nm in diameter, and mostpreferably about 100 nm in diameter). In a process for preparing a slowrelease composition, a slow release carrier and a compound of theinvention are first dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent. Theresulting mixture is added into an aqueous solution containing anoptional surface-active agent(s) to produce an emulsion. The organicsolvent is then evaporated from the emulsion to provide a colloidalsuspension of particles containing the slow release carrier and thecompound of the invention.

The compound disclosed herein may be incorporated for administrationorally or by injection in a liquid form such as aqueous solutions,suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, flavored emulsionswith edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil orpeanut oil and the like, or in elixirs or similar pharmaceuticalvehicles. Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueoussuspensions, include synthetic and natural gums such as tragacanth,acacia, alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,methylcellulose, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, and gelatin. The liquid forms insuitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents may also includesynthetic and natural gums. For parenteral administration, sterilesuspensions and solutions are desired. Isotonic preparations, whichgenerally contain suitable preservatives, are employed when intravenousadministration is desired.

The compounds may be administered parenterally via injection. Aparenteral formulation may consist of the active ingredient dissolved inor mixed with an appropriate inert liquid carrier. Acceptable liquidcarriers usually comprise aqueous solvents and other optionalingredients for aiding solubility or preservation. Such aqueous solventsinclude sterile water, Ringer's solution, or an isotonic aqueous salinesolution. Other optional ingredients include vegetable oils (such aspeanut oil, cottonseed oil, and sesame oil), and organic solvents (suchas solketal, glycerol, and formyl). A sterile, non-volatile oil may beemployed as a solvent or suspending agent. The parenteral formulation isprepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in the liquidcarrier whereby the final dosage unit contains from 0.005 to 10% byweight of the active ingredient. Other additives include preservatives,isotonizers, solubilizers, stabilizers, and pain-soothing agents.Injectable suspensions may also be prepared, in which case appropriateliquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed.

Compounds of the invention may be administered intranasally using asuitable intranasal vehicle.

In another embodiment, the compounds of this invention may beadministered directly to the lungs by inhalation.

Compounds of the invention may also be administered topically orenhanced by using a suitable topical transdermal vehicle or atransdermal patch.

For ocular administration, the composition is preferably in the form ofan ophthalmic composition. The ophthalmic compositions are preferablyformulated as eye-drop formulations and filled in appropriate containersto facilitate administration to the eye, for example a dropper fittedwith a suitable pipette. Preferably, the compositions are sterile andaqueous based, using purified water. In addition to the compound of theinvention, an ophthalmic composition may contain one or more of: a) asurfactant such as a polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester; b) a thickeningagents such as cellulose, cellulose derivatives, carboxyvinyl polymers,polyvinyl polymers, and polyvinylpyrrolidones, typically at aconcentration in the range of about 0.05 to about 5.0% (wt/vol); c) (asan alternative to or in addition to storing the composition in acontainer containing nitrogen and optionally including a free oxygenabsorber such as Fe), an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisol,ascorbic acid, sodium thiosulfate, or butylated hydroxytoluene at aconcentration of about 0.00005 to about 0.1% (wt/vol); d) ethanol at aconcentration of about 0.01 to 0.5% (wt/vol); and e) other excipientssuch as an isotonic agent, buffer, preservative, and/or pH-controllingagent. The pH of the ophthalmic composition is desirably within therange of 4 to 8.

In certain embodiments, the composition of this invention includes oneor more additional agents. The other therapeutic agent may be ay agentthat is capable of treating, preventing or reducing the symptoms of atetracycline-responsive disease or disorder. Alternatively, the othertherapeutic agent may be any agent of benefit to a patient whenadministered in combination with the tetracycline compound in thisinvention.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the scope of the inventionencompassed by the appended claims.

EXEMPLIFICATION

The following abbreviations are used in throughout the application.

-   Ac acetyl-   AIBN 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile)-   aq aqueous-   Bn benzyl-   Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl-   Bu butyl-   Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl-   Cy tricyclohexylphosphine-   dba dibenzylideneacetone-   DIBAL-H diisobutylaluminum hydride-   DIEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine-   DMAP 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine-   DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane-   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide-   DMPU 1,3-dimethyl-3,4-5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidone-   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide-   EDC N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide-   ESI electrospray ionization-   Et ethyl-   EtOAc ethyl acetate-   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography-   HOBt 1-hydroxybenzotriazole-   i iso-   IBX 2-iodoxybenzoic acid-   LDA lithium diisopropylamide-   LHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide-   LTMP lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide-   MeOH methanol-   Ms methanesulfonyl-   MS mass spectrometry-   MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether-   MW molecular weight-   NBS N-bromosuccinimide-   NCS N-chlorosuccinimide-   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry-   Ph phenyl-   Pr propyl-   s secondary-   t tertiary-   TMEDA N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine-   TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl-   TEA triethylamine-   Tf trifluoromethanesulfonyl-   TFA trifluoroacetic acid-   TFAA trifluoroacetic anhydride-   THF tetrahydrofuran-   TLC thin layer chromatography-   Ts para-toluenesulfonyl-   TsOH para-toluenesulfonic acid-   Xantphos 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene

Detailed procedures for each of the steps depicted in the followingSchemes 1-13 are set forth in the Examples section.

Compounds of Formula II were prepared according to one of Schemes 7-9,depending upon the actual structure. Intermediates used in Scheme 7-9were prepared by one of Schemes 1-6, as was appropriate for the finalstructure of the compound.

Compounds of Formula II, wherein X is fluoro were synthesized using acommon N-substituted phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-fluoro-6-methylisoindoline-5-carboxylate intermediate,which is prepared according to Scheme 1.

An alternate route to certain N-substituted phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-fluoro-6-methylisoindoline-5-carboxylate intermediatesis shown in Scheme 2

Compounds of Formula II, wherein X is chloro were synthesized using acommon N-substituted phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-chloro-6-methylisoindoline-5-carboxylate intermediate,which is prepared according to Scheme 3.

Compounds of Formula II, wherein X is CF₃ were synthesized using acommon N-substituted phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-trifluoromethyl-6-methylisoindoline-5-carboxylateintermediate, which is prepared according to Scheme 4.

Compounds of Formula II, wherein X is OCH₃ were synthesized using acommon N-substituted phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-methoxy-6-methylisoindoline-5-carboxylate intermediate,which is prepared according to Scheme 5.

Compounds of Formula II, wherein X is N(CH₃)₂ were synthesized using acommon N-substituted phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-dimethylamino-6-methylisoindoline-5-carboxylateintermediate, which is prepared according to Scheme 6.

Compounds of Formula II were synthesized by combining any of theintermediates S1-11, S2-1, S3-13, S4-10, S5-9, or S6-2 described abovein Schemes 1-6 with an enone S7-1, followed by deprotection andreduction according to Scheme 7.

Compounds of Formula II wherein X is fluoro and R¹ is —C(O)CH₂N(R²)(R³)or hydrogen were prepared according to Scheme 8.

Compound of Formula II wherein X is hydrogen are prepared by reductionof the corresponding compounds wherein X is chloro according to Scheme 9

Compounds of Formula III are synthesized through a common N-substitutedphenyl8-(benzyloxy)-5-fluoro-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-carboxylateintermediate (S10-3) according to Scheme 10, below

Compounds of Formula IV were prepared using a common N-substitutedphenyl5-(benzyloxy)-8-fluoro-7-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylateintermediate according to Scheme 11

Compounds of Formula V, wherein R^(7a) and R^(7b) are taken together toform ═O are synthesized according to Scheme 12.

Compounds of Formula V, wherein R^(7a) and R^(7b) are hydrogen areprepared according to Scheme 13

Example 1. Preparation of phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-2-tert-butyl-7-fluoro-6-methylisoindoline-5-carboxylate(S1-11-1) Synthesis of S1-2

To a THF solution of 5-fluoro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (S1-1, 500 mg, 2.94mmol, Aldrich 523097) cooled at −78° C. was added a THF solution ofs-BuLi (4.60 mL, 1.40 M, 6.44 mmol, 2.2 eq) and TMEDA (0.97 mL, 6.47mmol, 2.2 eq). The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h. Methyliodide (1.10 mL, 17.64 mmol, 6 eq) was added to the reaction mixturedropwise. The reaction was allowed to warm to 25° C. over 1 h andstirred at 25° C. for 1 h. NaOH (6 N, 20 mL) was added. The resultingmixture was extracted with t-butylmethyl ether (20 mL×2). The aqueouslayer was acidified with HCl (6 N) to pH 1 and extracted with EtOAc (20mL×4). The combined EtOAc extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentratedto give 510 mg of crude product S1-2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.06(dd, J=9.8, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (dd, J=9.8, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H),2.34 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 185.12 (M+H).

Synthesis of S1-3

Oxalyl chloride (0.95 mL, 11.10 mmol, 5.5 eq) was added to CH₂Cl₂solution (15 mL, anhydrous) of S1-2 (510 mg, 2.00 mmol). DMF (0.1 mL)was added to the resulting mixture. The reaction was stirred at 25° C.for 1 h and concentrated. The resulting solid was re-dissolved in 15 mLof anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. Phenol (520 mg, 5.50 mmol, 2.8 eq), DMAP (670 mg,5.6 mmol, 2.8 eq), and triethylamine (1.90 mL, 13.90 mmol, 7.0 eq) wereadded to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at 25° C. for 12h and concentrated. EtOAc and H₂O were added to the residue. The organiclayer was washed with NaOH (1 N), H₂O, and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), andconcentrated. Flash chromatography on silica gel (40:1 hexanes/EtOAc)yielded 400 mg of compound S1-3 (52% for 2 steps): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.47-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.08 (dd, J=9.2, 9.2 Hz,1H), 6.77 (dd, J=9.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.36 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 261.12 (M+H).

Synthesis of S1-4

BBr₃ (1.85 mL, 1 M, 1.85 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added to a CH₂Cl₂ solution (8mL) of S1-3 (400 mg, 1.54 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction was stirred from−78° C. to 25° C. for 1.5 h, quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ andconcentrated. EtOAc and H₂O were added to the reaction mixture. Theaqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts weredried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to yield 360 mg of crude S1-4: ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.66 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 1H),7.26-7.18 (m, 3H), 6.86 (dd, J=9.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 245.11 (M−H).

Synthesis of S1-5

Compound S1-4 (4.92 g, 95% purity, 20 mmol) was dissolved in acetic acid(50 mL) and bromine (1.54 mL, 30 mmol) was added via syringe at roomtemp. After stirred at room temp for 2 hour, LC/MS indicated that thestarting material was consumed. This reaction mixture was dilute withethyl acetate, wash with water (3×100 mL) and brine. The organics weredried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.This gave 7.06 g of compound S1-5 as light yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.14 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 2H),7.36-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 3H).

Synthesis of S1-6

Compound S1-5 (crude, 1.06 g, 2.97 mmol) was dissolve in acetone (20 mL)with potassium carbonate (821 mg, 5.94 mmol, 2.0 eq) and cooled to 0° C.in an ice-bath. Benzyl bromide (540 μL, 4.45 mmol, 1.5 eq) was addeddropwise. After 2 hrs, LC/MS indicated that the starting material wasconsumed 40%. The reaction mixture was heated to 50° C. for another hourand the starting material was all consumed. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water and brine. Theorganics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. This gave 2.2 g of the crude S1-6, which was purifiedby column chromatography (Biotage 10 g column, 2 to 5% ethyl acetate inhexane gradient), yielding 1.03 g (84% for two steps) of the purecompound S1-6 as an colorless oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.50-7.47(m, 2H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 6H), 7.25 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.6 Hz,2H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 2.32 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 3H).

Synthesis of S1-7

LDA solution was prepared by adding n-BuLi (1.6 M, 5.1 mL, 8.16 mmol,1.5 eq) to diisopropylamine (1.15 mL, 8.16 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at −78°C. The reaction mixture was warmed up to −20° C. and stirred for 15 min.After LDA solution was cooled to −78° C., compound S1-6 (2.26 g, 5.44mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise, forming an orange-red solution.After 10 min, DMF (1.26 mL, 16.3 mmol, 3 eq) was added dropwise. Thereaction solution was allowed to warm up to −20° C. in 1 hour and wasquenched with NH₄Cl (aq. Solution). LC/MS indicated that the startingmaterial was all consumed. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate (100 mL) and washed with water and brine. The organics weredried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.This gave 2.42 g of the crude S1-7, which was purified by columnchromatography (Biotage 24 g column, 5 to 10% ethyl acetate in hexanegradient), yielding 2.23 g (92%) of the pure compound S1-7 as lightyellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.37 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.47 (m,2H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 5H), 7.27 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.12(s, 2H), 2.37 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 3H).

Synthesis of S1-8

Compound S1-7 (416 mg, 0.94 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (5 mL) andsodium borohydride (75.6 mg, 2 mmol) was added in several portions.During the addition, gas evolution was observed. After stirring at rtfor 30 min, LC/MS indicated that the starting material was consumed.This reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed withwater (2×20 mL) and brine. The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude materialwas purified by column chromatography (Biotage 10 g column, 5 to 20%ethyl acetate in hexane gradient), yielding 367 mg (87.7%) of the purecompound S1-8 as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.37 (s,1H), 7.49 (dd, 1=7.8, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 5H), 7.25 (t, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.91 (dd, J=6.9, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 2.35(d, J=2.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 467.10, 469.08 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S1-9

i-Propyl magnesium chloride/lithium chloride solution (Chemetall FooteCorporation, 1.2 M solution in THF, 4.4 mL, 5.3 mmol) was added to a−78° C. solution of compound S1-8 (472 mg, 1.06 mmol) in THF (10 mL).The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C. over 1 hour.Paraformaldehyde (318 mg, 10.6 mmol) was added, and the reaction wasallowed to warm to rt. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was heated to40° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was quenched with ammoniumchloride (saturated, aqueous solution) and was extracted with EtOAc(2×). The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified bycolumn chromatography (Biotage 10 g column, 10 to 35% EtOAc in hexanegradient), yielding 337 mg (80%) of S1-9 as a thick oil. ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.34 (m, 7H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz,2H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 2.39 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 419.19 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S1-10

To a solution of compound S1-9 (2.98 g, 7.52 mmol, 1 eq) in1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) was added thionyl chloride (2.18 mL, 30.1mmol, 4 eq) and tetrabutylammonium chloride (174 mg, 0.76 mmol, 0.1 eq).The reaction vessel was sealed and the mixture heated to 80° C. for 2 h,then concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the resultingcrude oil via flash column chromatography on silica gel (Redisep, 80 g,4 to 6% EtOAc in hexane gradient) provided 2.66 g of S1-10 (81%) as awaxy white solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.34(m, 4H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.05 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.81 (s,4H), 2.44-2.39 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 431.14, 433.16 (M+H).

Synthesis of S1-11-1

Compound S1-10 (120 mg, 0.277 mmol), t-butylamine (0.032 mL, 0.305 mmol)and diisopropylethylamine (0.096 mL, 0.554 mmol) were heated to 110° C.in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1 mL). After 2 hours, additional t-butylamine(0.100 mL, 0.95 mmol) was added. After 2 more hours, additionalt-butylamine (0.500 mL, 4.75 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixturewas heated overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure and was purified by column chromatography (Biotage 10 gcolumn, 5 to 20% EtOAc in hexane gradient), yielding 64.1 mg (53%) ofthe product. R_(f)=0.25 in 20% EtOAc in hexane; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.42-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.02 (s,2H), 4.08 (s, 2H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 2.33 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (s, 9H);MS (ESI) m/z 434.29 (M+H).

The following compounds were prepared by methods similar to thosedescribed for S1-11-1.

Example 2. S1-11-2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.05-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 4.67 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (t, J=4.9Hz, 1H), 4.08 (s, 4H), 3.08 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 1H),2.34-2.32 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 424.63 (M+H).

Example 3. S1-11-3

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.07-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 4H), 3.57 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H),3.41 (s, 3H), 2.95 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.36-2.34 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z436.38 (M+H).

Example 4. S1-11-4

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.37-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 1H),7.05-6.99 (m, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 2.47 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H),2.33 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.72 (m, 1H), 0.95 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 6 Hz); MS (ESI) m/z434.27 (M+H).

Example 5. S1-11-5

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.32 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.01 (m, 5H), 3.96-3.87 (m, 1H),3.84-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H),1.98-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.54 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 462.82 (M+H).

Example 6. S1-11-6

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.32 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.01 (m, 5H), 3.96-3.87 (m, 1H),3.84-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H),1.98-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.54 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 462.80 (M+H).

Example 7. S1-11-7

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.06-3.95 (m, 4H), 2.82-2.71 (m, 1H),2.35 (s, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 420.62 (M+H).

Example 8. S1-11-8

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.08-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.06-3.95 (m, 4H), 2.67-2.56 (m, 1H),2.35 (s, 3H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.13 (d, J=6.1 Hz,3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 434.00 (M+H).

Example 9. S1-11-9

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.29 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.05-3.96 (m, 4H), 2.66-2.55 (m, 1H)2.34 (s, 3H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.13 (d, J=6.1 Hz,3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 434.64 (M+H).

Example 10. S1-11-10

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.29 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.05-3.96 (m, 4H), 2.66-2.55 (m, 1H)2.34 (s, 3H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.13 (d, J=6.1 Hz,3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 434.60 (M+H).

Example 11. S1-11-11

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.34 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 1H),7.06-6.99 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.02-3.95 (m, 4H), 2.51-2.42 (m, 1H),2.34 (s, 3H), 1.98-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.01 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.7Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H): MS (ESI) m/z 448.85 (M+H).

Example 12. S1-11-12

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.34 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 1H),7.06-6.99 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.02-3.95 (m, 4H), 2.51-2.42 (m, 1H),2.34 (s, 3H), 1.98-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.01 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.7Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H): MS (ESI) m/z 446.48 (M−H).

Example 13. S1-11-13

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.3 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.00(m, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 4H), 2.93-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.33 (s,3H), 1.93-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.45 (m, 4H); MS (ESI)m/z 446.61 (M+H).

Example 14. S1-11-14

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.32 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.04-3.94 (m, 5H), 3.93-3.81 (m, 2H),3.77-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.31 (m, 3H), 2.10-2.05 (m,1H), 2.02-2.10 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 448.80 (M+H).

Example 15. S1-11-15

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40-7.20 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.25 (m, 1H),7.16-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H), 2.33-2.32(m, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H), 1.49 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (s, 6H), 0.90 (t,J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 448.25 (M+H).

Example 16. S1-11-16

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.40-7.23 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.25 (m, 1H),7.16-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 2.34-2.32(m, 3H), 1.03-0.98 (m, 7H), 0.47-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.31-0.26 (m, 2H); MS(ESI) m/z 460.28 (M+H).

Example 17. S1-11-17

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.28 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 2.35 (s,3H), 1.46 (s, 2H), 1.19 (s, 6H), 1.02 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 490.34(M+H).

Example 18. S1-11-18

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.28 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 2.35 (s,3H), 2.10-2.02 (m, 1H), 0.60-0.48 (m, 4H); MS (ESI) m/z 416.41 (M−H).

Example 19. S1-11-19

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.28 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.35-3.22(m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.10-1.98 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 2H); MS (ESI)m/z 430.46 (M−H).

Example 20. S1-11-20

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 1H),7.08-7.03 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.40 (m,2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.11 (s, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 448.35 (M−H).

Example 21. S1-11-21

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.07-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.00-5.87 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.24 (m, 1H), 5.19 (d,J=10.4, 1 H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 4.00 (s, 4H), 3.36 (d, J=6.1, 3 H), 2.35 (s,3H); MS (ESI) m/z 418.26 (M+H).

Example 22. Synthesis of S1-11-22

A solution of alcohol S1-11-20 (92.1 mg, 0.205 mmol, 1 eq) in CH₂Cl₂ (1mL) was added dropwise to a solution of pyridine (33.2 μL, 0.410 mmol, 2eq) and diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (30.1 μL, 0.246 mmol, 1.2 eq) inCH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at 0° C. The resulting solution was allowed to warm toambient temperature and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was diluted withsaturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (2 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (2×30mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting oilvia flash column chromatography on silica gel (Biotage, 25 g, 5 to 30%EtOAc in hexanes gradient) provided 40.0 mg of S1-11-22 (43%) as a clearoil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.32 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H),7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 4H), 2.89 (s, 1H), 2.82 (s,1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 450.45(M−H).

Example 23. Synthesis of S1-11-23

To a solution of DMSO (23.9 μL, 0.337 mmol, 2 eq) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at−70° C. was added oxalyl chloride (17.3 μL, 0.201 mmol, 1.2 eq). After15 minutes, alcohol S1-11-20 (75.8 mg, 0.168 mmol, 1 eq) in CH₂Cl₂ (500μL) was added dropwise. After an additional 20 minutes at −70° C., DIEA(147 μL, 0.84 mmol, 5 eq) was added and the solution removed from thecold bath. After 5 minutes, saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (800 μL)was added and the mixture was allowed to warm. The solution was furtherdiluted with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (4 mL) and extracted withCH₂Cl₂ (2×7 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.The resulting crude oil was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and pyrrolidine(69.7 μL, 0.84 mmol, 5 eq) and acetic acid (48 μL, 0.84 mmol, 5 eq) wereadded. After 40 minutes, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (178.4 mg, 0.84mmol, 5 eq) was added. After 50 minutes, the reaction was poured intosaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (8 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting oilvia flash column chromatography on silica gel (Biotage, 10 g, 1 to 12%methanol in CH₂Cl₂ gradient) provided 30.3 mg of S1-11-23 (36%) as awhite solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.26-7.21 (m,1H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H),2.77-2.52 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.75 (s, 4H), 1.15 (s, 6H); MS (ESI)m/z 503.38 (M+H).

Example 24. Synthesis of S2-1-1

Methanesulfonyl chloride (0.0446 mL, 0.575 mmol) was added dropwise to asolution of compound S1-9 (76.0 mg, 0.192 mmol) and triethylamine (0.107mL, 0.768 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL). After 1 hour, the reactionmixture was diluted with EtOAc and was washed with water (2×) and brine(1×). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and wereconcentrated under reduced pressure. The material was dissolved in DMF(2 mL), diisopropylethylamine (0.100 mL, 0.575 mmol) and neopentylamine(16.7 mg, 0.192 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was heated to60° C. After heating overnight, the reaction mixture was purified bycolumn chromatography (Biotage 5 g column, 0 to 8% EtOAc in hexanegradient), yielding 26.5 mg (31%) of the product S2-1-1 as a whitesolid. R_(f)=0.42 in 10% EtOAc in hexane; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.44-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.02 (s,2H), 4.12 (br s, 4H), 2.53 (s, 2H), 2.34 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (s,9H); MS (ESI) m/z 448.32 (M+H).

Example 25. Synthesis of phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-chloro-6-methyl-2-tert-pentylisoindoline-5-carboxylate(S3-13-1)

Synthesis of S3-2

To an ice-cooled solution of 2-methoxy-6-methylaniline (S3-1, 25.12 g,183.1 mmol) in methanol (79 mL) and acetic acid (25 mL) was added asolution of bromine (9.41 mL, 183.1 mmol) in of Acetic acid (79 mL)dropwise via addition funnel. The reaction mixture was allowed to standfor 2 h after complete addition. EtOAc (150 mL) was added, and the solidwas collected by filtration and washed with EtOAc, yielding 37.2 g ofthe HBr salt of compound S3-2 as an off-white solid.

Synthesis of S3-3

4-Bromo-2-methoxy-6-methylaniline (S3-2, 20 g, 92.7 mmol) was suspendedin concentrated HCl (22 mL) and crushed ice (76 g) and cooled in anice-bath. A solution of NaNO₂ (6.52 g, 94.6 mmol) in H₂O (22 mL) wasadded dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minand then neutralized with Na₂CO₃. A suspension of CuCN (10.4 g 115.9mmol) in H₂O (44 mL) was mixed with a solution of NaCN (14.4 g, 294.8mmol) in H₂O (22 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. The initial diazoniumsalt mixture was added to the CuCN and NaCN solution along with toluene(180 mL) with vigorous stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C. for 1 h, rt for 2 h, and 50° C. for 1 h. After cooling to rt, thelayers were separated. The aqueous layer was further extracted withtoluene. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried overMgSO₄, and concentrated. The residue was passed through a silica gelplug, washed with toluene, and concentrated to give 14.5 g of compoundS3-3 as a light yellow solid.

Synthesis of S3-4

To a solution of S3-3 (11.34 g, 50.2 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was addedDIBAL-H (1.5 M solution in toluene, 40.1 mL, 60.2 mmol) slowly at −78°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt gradually and wasstirred overnight. After cooling to 0° C., the reaction was carefullyquenched with 1N HCl, and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 1h. The mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined EtOAclayers were washed with H₂O, saturated, aqueous NaHCO₃, and brine, driedover MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide compound S3-4 as a yellow solid,which was used directly for the next step.

Synthesis of S3-5

To a suspension of S3-4 (assumed 50.2 mmol) in t-BuOH (200 mL) was addeda solution of NaClO₂ (11.34 g, 100.3 mmol) and NaH₂PO₄ (34.6 g, 250.8mmol) in H₂O (100 mL) via addition funnel. After complete addition,2-methyl-2-butene was added. The resulting homogenous solution wasstirred at rt for 30 min, and then the volatiles were removed. Theresidue was suspended in 150 mL of H₂O. The solution was acidified topH˜1 with 1N HCl, and was extracted three times with tert-butyl methylether. The combined organic solution was extracted three times with 1NNaOH. The combined aqueous solution was acidified with 6N HCl and wasextracted three times with EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts werewashed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated to provide 6.84 gbenzoic acid (S3-4-a) as an off-white solid. This was pure enough to usedirectly for the next step.

To a solution of the above benzoic acid (8.64 g, 35.2 mmol) indichloromethane (70 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (3.76 mL, 42.3 mmol,1.2 eq), followed by a couple of drops of DMF (caution, gas evolution).The mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min and the reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was further dried underhigh vacuum. The crude benzoyl chloride was re-dissolved indichloromethane (70 mL). Triethylamine (12.3 mL, 88.1 mmol, 2.5 eq),phenol (3.98 g, 42.3 mmol, 1.2 eq) and DMAP (0.43 g, 3.52 mmol, 0.1 eq)were added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h at which point LC-MSshowed all SM was consumed. The solvent was evaporated. The residue wassuspended in EtOAc, and the precipitate was filtered off. The organicsolution was then washed with 1 N HCl (three times), H₂O, sat. aq.NaHCO₃, and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated.Purification of the residue by Biotage flash chromatography gavecompound S3-5 (10.05 g) as an off-white solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ2.42 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 6.97 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=0.9 Hz,1H), 7.22-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.41-7.45 (m, 2H); MS (electrospray) m/z 319.0(M−H), calcd for C₁₅H₁₂BrO₃ 319.0.

Synthesis of S3-6

To a solution of compound S3-5 (2.52 g, 7.87 mmol) in CH₃CN (16 mL) wasadded NCS (1.104 g, 8.27 mmol, 1.05 eq) in one portion. The resultingmixture was heated to 60° C. for 45 h. The solvent was evaporated. Theresidue was suspended in Et₂O (400 mL) and was washed with 1 N NaOH,H₂O, and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to provide 2.76 g ofcompound S3-6 as a white solid. This material was used directly for thenext step without further purification: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.51(s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.44 (dd, J=7.8,7.8 Hz, 2H); MS (electrospray) m/z 353.0 (M−H), calcd for C₁₅H₁₁BrClO₃352.97.

Synthesis of S3-7

Compound S3-6 (2.76 g, 7.76 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdichloromethane (78 mL) and a solution of boron tribromide (1.0 M indichloromethane, 7.76 mL, 7.76 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added at −78° C. Theresulting yellow solution was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min and then at0° C. for 30 min whereupon sat. aq. NaHCO₃ was added. The mixture wasstirred at rt for 10 min. and was extracted with EtOAc three times. Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, andconcentrated to provide 2.69 g of the phenol intermediate as anoff-white solid. This material was used directly for the next stepwithout further purification: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.83 (s, 3H),7.19 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=7.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46(dd, J=7.8, 7.8 Hz, 2H); MS (electrospray) m/z 339.0 (M−H), calcd forC₁₄H₉BrClO₃ 338.95.

The above phenol (2.65 g, 7.76 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (40 mL),and K₂CO₃ (2.14 g, 15.5 mmol, 2 eq) was added followed by benzylbromide(0.97 mL, 8.15 mmol, 1.05 eq). After stirring overnight at rt, thesolution was filtered through a bed of Celite. The solid cake wasfurther washed with three portions of EtOAc. The combined organicsolution was concentrated. The residue was purified by Biotage flashchromatography to yield 2.97 g of compound S3-7 as a white solid: ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.51 (s, 3H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H),7.19-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.43 (m, 7H); MS (electrospray) m/z 429.0 (M−H),calcd for C₂₁H₁₅BrClO₃ 429.00.

Synthesis of S3-8

To a solution of compound $3-7 (1.98 g, 4.59 mmol) in anhydrous THF (23mL) was added i-PrMgCl.LiCl (1.2 M in THF, 7.65 mL, 9.18 mmol, 2 eq)dropwise at −78° C. under N₂ atmosphere. After 10 min, the temperaturewas raised to 0° C. After stirring for another 1 h at 0° C., DMF (1.80mL, 22.9 mmol, 5 eq) was added. Stirring was maintained for 30 min atrt. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated, aqueousNH₄Cl. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was furtherextracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed withbrine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification ofthe residue by Biotage flash chromatography gave compound S3-8 (1.45 g)as a white solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.51 (s, 3H), 5.19 (s, 2H),7.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.44 (m, 8H) 10.51 (s,1H); MS (electrospray) m/z 379.1 (M−H), calcd for C₂₂H₁₆ClO₄ 379.08.

Synthesis of S3-9

Compound S3-8 (2.51 g, 6.59 mmol) was suspended in methanol (25 mL) andsodium borohydride (373 mg, 9.88 mmol) was added in several portions.After gas evolution ceased and complete solution was achieved, thereaction mixture was quenched with NaHCO₃ (saturated, aqueous solution)and was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. This gave 2.49 g(99%) of S3-9 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46-7.32 (m,7H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.16 (s,2H), 4.77 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.06 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), MS(ESI) m/z 405.15 (M+H).

Synthesis of S3-10

10% Palladium on carbon (Degussa, 50 mg) was added to a solution ofcompound S3-9 (1.85 g, 4.84 mmol) in EtOAc (10 mL), Methanol (10 mL),and chlorobenzene (1.5 mL) and an atmosphere of hydrogen was introduced.After 5 hours, the reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen and wasfiltered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure, yielding the phenol intermediate as a white solid. Theintermediate was dissolved in Acetic acid (15 mL) and sodium acetate(0.595 g, 7.26 mmol) was added. Bromine (0.372 mL, 7.26 mmol) was addeddropwise over ˜3 min. After 10 min, the reaction mixture was quenchedwith Na₂S₂O₃ (5% aqueous solution) and was diluted with EtOAc. Thelayers were separated, and the EtOAc layer was washed with water (3×)and brine (1×). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The material was dissolved inacetone (30 mL), and K₂CO₃ (1.34 g, 9.68 mmol) and benzyl bromide (0.633mL, 5.32 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 50° C.overnight. Upon cooling to rt, the reaction mixture was diluted withEtOAc and was washed with water (3×) and brine (1×). The organics weredried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.The material was purified by column chromatography (Biotage 50 g column,7 to 60% EtOAc in hexane gradient), yielding 2.03 g (91%) of S3-10. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.51-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.30-7.23(m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 5.12-5.05 (m, 4H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.18(t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 482.99, 484.99, 486.99 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S3-11

i-Propyl magnesium chloride/lithium chloride solution (Chemetall FooteCorporation, 1.2 M solution in THF, 4.4 mL, 5.3 mmol) was added to a−78° C. solution of compound S3-10 (490 mg, 1.06 mmol) in THF (10 mL).The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C. over 1 hour.Paraformaldehyde (318 mg, 10.6 mmol) was added, and the reaction washeated to 40° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was quenched withammonium chloride (saturated, aqueous solution) and was extracted withEtOAc (3×). The combined extracts were washed with water (3×) and brine(1×), and were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. The material was purified by column chromatography(Biotage 25 g column, 7 to 80% EtOAc in hexane gradient), yielding 238mg (54%) of S3-11 as a thick oil. R=0.22 in 30% EtOAc in hexane; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=8.3Hz, 2H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 5.00 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.80 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H),2.73 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.48 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H); MS (ESI)m/z 435.12 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S3-12

To a solution of S3-11 (2.76 g, 6.67 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,2-dichloroethane(25 mL) was added thionyl chloride (1.93 mL, 26.6 mmol, 4 eq) andtetrabutylammonium chloride (154.3 mg, 0.67 mmol, 0.1 eq). The reactionvessel was sealed and the mixture heated to 80° C. for 2 h, thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting crudeoil via flash column chromatography on silica gel (Biotage, 100 g, 2 to18% EtOAc in hexane gradient) provided 2.47 g of S3-12 (82%) as a waxywhite solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.37 (m, 7H), 7.35-7.324 (m,1H), 7.10-7.06 (m, 2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 2.53(s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 447.28, 449.30 (M+H).

Synthesis of S3-13-1

Compound S3-12 (150 mg, 0.334 mmol), t-amylamine (0.041 mL, 0.35 mmol)and diisopropylethylamine (0.233 mL, 1.34 mmol) were heated to 60° C. in1,2-dimethoxyethane (0.8 mL). After 1 hour, the reaction mixture washeated to 80° C. overnight. Upon cooling to rt, the reaction mixture wasdiluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and was washed with NaHCO₃ (saturated,aqueous solution, 2×) and brine (1×). The organics were dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The materialwas purified by column chromatography (Biotage 25 g column, 2 to 20%EtOAc in hexane gradient), yielding 62.8 mg (40%) of the product.R_(f)=0.42 in 15% EtOAc in hexane; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.30(m, 7H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.05 (s, 2H),4.15-4.04 (m, 4H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.49 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 1.07 (s, 6H),0.91 (t, 7.8 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 464.24, 466.24 (M+H).

The following compounds were prepared by methods similar to thosedescribed for S3-13-1.

Example 26. Synthesis of S3-13-2

R_(f)=0.19 in 15% EtOAc in hexane; MS (ESI) m/z 450.21, 452.20 (M+H).

Example 27. Synthesis of S3-13-3

R_(f)=0.18 in 15% EtOAc in hexane; MS (ESI) m/z 436.21, 438.19 (M+H).

Example 28. Synthesis of S3-13-4

R_(f)=0.22 in 15% EtOAc in hexane; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.28(m, 7H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.05 (s, 2H),4.15-4.00 (m, 4H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.36 (m, 2H),1.12 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, 7.6 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 450.26,452.26 (M+H).

Example 29. Synthesis of S3-13-5

R_(f)=0.22 in 15% EtOAc in hexane; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.44-7.30(m, 7H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.10(s, 2H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.38 (m,2H), 1.14 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, 7.6 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 450.21,452.21 (M+H).

Example 30. Synthesis of phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-2-isopropyl-6-methyl-7-(trifluoromethyl)isoindoline-5-carboxylate(S4-10-1) Synthesis of S4-1

Compound S3-5 (20 g, 62.5 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2, 4,6-trivinyl-cyclotriboroxane-pyridine complex (7.8 g, 31.25 mmol, 0.50eq), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (2.2 g, 1.88 mmol, 0.030 eq) and K₂CO₃ (17.25 g, 125mmol, 2.0 eq) was added to vessel in 1,4-dioxane:H₂O (3:1, V:V). Themixture was bubbled with N₂ to remove O₂ for 6 times. The mixture washeated to reflux for 19 h. The mixture was concentrated. The residuepartitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layer was dried overNa₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The crude compound was purified bycolumn chromatography on silica gel eluting with (petroleumether:EtOAc=200:1→100:1→50:1) to yield 14.8 g of compound S4-1 (88%) asa light yellow solid.

Synthesis of S4-2

An ozone-enriched stream of oxygen was bubbled through a cold (−78° C.)solution of compound S4-1 (21 g, 78.3 mmol, 1.0 eq) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂,and the reaction was monitored by TLC until the starting material wasconsumed. The solution was purged with argon at −78 C for 10 min toremove the excess O₃. CH₃SCH₃ (50 mL) was added into the reactionmixture and stirred for 1 hour from −78° C. to 25° C. The reactionmixture was concentrated. The crude compound was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel elute with (petroleumether:EtOAc=100:1→50:→30:1) to yield 13 g of compound 4-2 (62%) as alight yellow solid.

Synthesis of S4-3

Compound S4-2 (1.8 g, 6.62 mmol, 1 eq) was dissolved in HOAc. Bromine(1.6 mL, 26.5 mmol, 4 eq) was added dropwise into the solution. Thereaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at rt. The mixture wasconcentrated. The residue was extracted with EtOAc and a saturatedNaHCO₃. The organic layer was washed with brine and water in return,dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness. To afford 1.9 g compoundS4-3 as a light yellow solid.

Synthesis of S4-4

BBr₃ (4.9 g, 1.9 mL, 19.5 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added to a CH₂Cl₂ solution(30 mL) of S4-3 (3.5 g, 13.0 mmol, 1.0 eq) at −78° C. The reaction wasstirred from −78° C. to 25° C. for 1.5 h, quenched with saturated NaHCO₃and the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined EtOAcextracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to yield 3.3 g of thecrude phenol intermediate.

K₂CO₃ (3.6 g, 26.0 mmol, 2.0 eq) and BnBr (4.2 g, 26.0 mmol, 2.0 eq)were added to a solution of the above crude phenol (3.3 g, 13.0 mmol,1.0 eq) in DMF (15 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h.The reaction mixture was filtered and washed with EtOAc. Water (150 mL)was added into it and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was driedover Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude compound was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel elute with (petroleumether:EtOAc=100:1→50:1) to yield 3.5 g of compound S4-4 (62% for 3steps) as a light yellow solid.

Synthesis of S4-5

A DMF (50 mL) solution of compound S4-4 (5 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.0 eq),MeO₂CCF₂SO₂F (11.3 g, 59 mmol, 5.0 eq) and CuI (4.5 g, 23.6 mmol, 2.0eq) in a sealed tube was heated to 100° C. for 20 h. The mixture wasfiltered and the solid was washed with EtOAc. The solution wasconcentrated and partitioned with EtOAc and water. The organic layer wasseparated and dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated to give 7 g of the crudecompound S4-5 as brown oil.

Synthesis of S4-6

To a stirred suspension of S4-5 (3.24 g, 7.81 mmol, 1 eq) in methanol(40 mL) was added sodium borohydride (389 mg, 10.2 mmol, 1.3 eq). Gasevolution was evident; the solution was homogeneous after 5 min. After 2h the reaction mixture was poured into a saturated aqueous NH₄Clsolution (95 mL), water (5 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (2×80 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. MS (ESI) m/z 415.39 (M−H).

Synthesis of S4-7

Compound S4-6 (crude, 7.81 mmol) was dissolved in methanol:dioxane (40mL, 15:1). Palladium on carbon (10%, 160 mg) was added, and the vesselwas fitted with a septum and evacuated and back-filled with hydrogen gasthree times, and then stirred at ambient temperature under a hydrogenballoon. After 2 h, another 100 mg of palladium catalyst was added andthe evacuation and back-fill procedure repeated. After 16 h, another 500mg of palladium catalyst was added, and the reaction vessel, theevacuation and back-fill procedure repeated, and the solution degassedwith bubbling hydrogen for 5 min. After an additional 3 h, thesuspension was filtered through Celite to remove the palladium catalystand concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was suspendedin acetic acid (30 mL). Following addition of sodium acetate (958 mg,11.7 mmol, 1.5 eq) the solution became homogenous. Bromine (602 μL, 11.7mmol, 1.5 eq) was added dropwise over six minutes. After 1 h, a solutionof sodium thiosulfate (5% aqueous, 40 mL) was added and the solutionstirred vigorously for 15 minutes. The reaction solution was extractedwith EtOAc (2×45 mL) and the combined organic layers washed with water(2×20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. To this crude intermediate in acetone (35 mL),were added benzyl bromide (1.02 mL, 8.59 mmol, 1.1 eq) and potassiumcarbonate (2.16 g, 15.6 mmol, 2 eq). The flask was fitted with a refluxcondenser and heated to 50° C. for 6 h. The reaction solution wasdiluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting crude oil viaflash column chromatography on silica gel (Biotage, 100 g, 7 to 55%EtOAc in hexane gradient) provided 2.13 g of intermediate8-benzylalcohol-9-bromo compound S4-7 (55%, 4 steps) as a waxy yellowsolid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.53-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.32 (m, 5H),7.29-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.10-6.95 (m, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 5.05-4.95 (m, 4H),2.58-2.53 (m, 3H), 2.20-2.13 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 493.39, 495.27 (M−H).

Synthesis of S4-8

Compound S4-7 (2.13 g, 4.30 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropically dried fromtoluene three times and dried under vacuum for 18 h. To a solution ofthis bromide in THF (35 mL) under N₂ at −50° C. was added isopropylmagnesium chloride-lithium chloride complex (1.2 M solution in THF, 17.9mL, 21.5 mmol, 5 eq) dropwise over 10 minutes. The resulting dark yellowsolution was allowed to warm to 0° C. over 1 h. Paraformaldehyde (1.27g, 43.1 mmol, 10 eq) was added as a solid at 0° C., the reaction flaskwas fitted with a reflux condenser, and the vessel was heated to 40° C.in an oil bath for 2 h. After cooling, the resulting slurry was pouredinto saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (40 mL) and water (15 mL), andextracted with EtOAc (2×90 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification of the resulting crude oil via flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel (Biotage, 100 g, 6 to 55% EtOAc inhexane gradient) provided 1.47 g of S4-8 (76%) as a white solid: ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.35 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.03 (m,2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.92-4.83 (m, 4H), 2.96 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (t,J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 3H): MS (ESI) m/z 445.38 (M−H).

Synthesis of S4-9

To a solution of S4-8 (1.47 g, 3.29 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,2-dichloroethane(13 mL) was added thionyl chloride (956 μL, 13.2 mmol, 4 eq) andtetrabutylammonium chloride (75 mg, 0.33 mmol, 0.1 eq). The reactionvessel was sealed and the mixture heated to 80° C. for 3 h, thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting crudeoil via flash column chromatography on silica gel ((Biotage, 50 g, 2 to20% EtOAc in hexane gradient) provided 1.41 g of S4-9 (89%) as a waxywhite solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.35 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.23 (m,1H), 7.10-7.03 (m, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.94-4.86 (m, 4H), 2.64-2.58 (m,3H); MS (ESI) m/z 481.31, 483.30 (M+H).

Synthesis of S4-10-1

To a solution of S4-9 (862 mg, 1.78 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane(10 mL) was added DIEA (930 μL, 5.34 mmol, 3 eq) and isopropylamine (152μL, 1.78 mmol, 1 eq). The reaction was sealed and heated to 110° C. for2.5 h. The solution was cooled and another 85 μL isopropylamine (0.99mmol, 0.55 eq) was added and the reaction replaced in the heating bath.After an additional 15 h, the solution was concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification of the resulting oil via flash columnchromatography on silica gel (Biotage 100 g, 5 to 40% EtOAc in hexanesgradient) provided 696 mg of S4-10-1 (83%) as a white solid: ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.29 (m, 7H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.00-6.96 (m, 2H),5.10 (s, 2H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 2H), 2.81-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.48(m, 3H), 1.17 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H): MS (ESI) m/z 468.39 (M−H).

The following compounds were prepared from S4-9 and the correspondingamines by methods similar to those described for S4-10-1.

Example 31. S4-10-2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.32 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 1H), 5.13 (s,2H), 4.16 (m, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 2.65-2.60 (s, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H),1.75-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.14 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t,J=7.3 Hz, 3H): MS (ESI) m/z 482.47 (M−H).

Example 32. S4-10-3

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.21 (m, 1H),7.03-6.98 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 2.66-2.59(m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.14 (d,J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 482.48 (M−H).

Example 33. S4-10-4

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.19 (m, 1H),7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.20 (s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 2H), 2.51 (s,3H), 1.17 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 482.48 (M−H).

Example 34. S4-10-5

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.19 (m, 1H),7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s,3H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 1H), 0.60-0.50 (m, 4H); MS (ESI) m/z 466.43 (M−H).

Example 35. S4-10-6

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.31 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 1H),7.02-6.97 (m, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 2.68 (t,J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 2H), 0.99 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 481.28 (M−H).

Example 36. Preparation of phenyl4-(benzyloxy)-7-methoxy-6-methyl-2-tert-pentylisoindoline-5-carboxylate(S5-9-1) Synthesis of S5-1

BBr₃ (1.0 M solution in CH₂Cl₂, 28.0 mL, 28.0 mmol) was added to asolution of compound S3-5 (8.98 g, 28.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) at −78°C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 20 min andat 0° C. for 15 min. NaHCO₃ (saturated, aqueous solution, 120 mL) wasadded slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 20 min, andthe CH₂Cl₂ was evaporated. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate(250 mL), and the combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified byrecrystallization from EtOAc/Hexanes to give 6.76 g of the desiredproduct S5-1 as a white solid. The mother liquor was concentrated andpurified by column chromatography (2-10% ethyl acetate in hexanesgradient) to afford an additional 973 mg of product (90% combinedyield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.13 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.43 (m, 2H),7.33-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d,J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 305.05, 307.05 (M−H).

Synthesis ofS5-2

A solution of PhI(OAc)₂ (3.77 g, 11.72 mmol) in Methanol (20 mL) wasadded slowly to a solution of S5-1 (1.71 g, 5.58 mmol) in a mixture ofMethanol (30 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixturewas stirred at rt for 17 h. Acetic acid (6 mL) was added to the reactionmixture. Zinc dust (1.09 g, 16.74 mmol) was added (exothermic), and thereaction mixture was stirred at rt for 20 min. The reaction mixture wasfiltered through a pad of Celite, and the Celite was washed thoroughlywith EtOAc (100 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (120 mL) and sat.NaHCO₃/brine solution. The organic layer was separated and dried(MgSO₄). The dried solution was filtered, and the filtrate wasconcentrated. The residue was purified by flash-column chromatography(0-4% ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient) to afford 763 mg (41%) of thedesired product S5-2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.70 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.43(m, 2H), 7.33-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 3.75 (s,3H), 2.67 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 335.11, 337.14 (M−H).

Synthesis of S5-3

Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (543 mg, 2.49 mmol) and4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (28 mg, 0.226 mmol) were added to a solutionof S5-2 (763 mg, 2.26 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The resulting mixture wasstirred for 20 min at rt and was concentrated under reduced pressure.The residue was purified by flash-column chromatography (0-5% ethylacetate-hexanes gradient) to afford 783 mg (79%) of compound S5-3 as awhite solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.38 (s, 1H),7.30-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.22 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 1.43(s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 435.14, 437.15 (M−H).

Synthesis of S5-4

Isopropylmagnesium chloride/lithium chloride (Chemetall FooteCorporation, 1.2 M solution in THF, 0.547 mL, 0.657 mmol) was addeddropwise to a solution of compound S5-3 (143.6 mg, 0.328 mmol) in THF(3.3 mL) at 0° C. The resulting yellow reaction mixture was then stirredat 0° C. for 1 h. DMF (0.127 mL, 1.64 mmol) was added, and the resultingmixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min and then at rt for 20 min.Saturated, aqueous NH₄Cl and brine were added. The resulting mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (50 mL), and the organics were dried (MgSO₄),filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude productS5-4 was used directly in the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.38(s, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.24(m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 385.24(M−H).

Synthesis of S5-5

Compound S5-4 (3.09 g, 8 mmol) was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (20mL). TFA (10 mL) was slowly added at 0° C. The solution was stirred at10° C. for 1 h. LC-MS analysis showed the complete consumption ofstarting material. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reducedpressure. The material was dissolved in acetic acid (30 mL) and sodiumacetate (1.31 g, 16.0 mmol) was added. Bromine (0.49 mL, 9.6 mmol) wasadded via syringe at 10° C. After stirring at rt for 10 min, LC/MSindicated that the starting material was consumed. Most of the aceticacid was removed under reduced pressure. The material was diluted withEtOAc, was washed with water (3×50 mL) and brine, was dried over sodiumsulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. This gave3.23 g (110% crude yield) of compound S5-5 as an orange oil. MS (ESI)m/z 363.19, 365.21 (M−H).

Synthesis of S5-6

Potassium carbonate (2.21 g, 16.0 mmol) was added to a solution ofcompound S5-5 (3.23 g, 8.0 mmol) in DMF (20 mL), and the reactionmixture was cooled to 0° C. in an ice-bath. Benzyl bromide (1.14 mL, 9.6mmol) was added dropwise. After 1 hour, LC/MS indicated that thestarting material was completely consumed. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with EtOAc (100 mL), was washed with water and brine, and wasdried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reducedpressure. The material was dissolved in Methanol (50 mL) and was cooledto 0° C. for the addition of NaBH₄ (0.355 g, 9.6 mmol). The reaction wasstirred at 0° C. for 30 min at which point LC/MS indicated that thestarting material was completely consumed. The reaction was quenchedwith water, and the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc. Thecombined extracts were dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated underreduced pressure. Flash chromatography on silica gel (10:1 to 4:1hexanes/EtOAc) yielded 3.52 g (96%, 4 steps) of S5-6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.52-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 5H), 7.27-7.22 (m, 1H),7.07-7.03 (m, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s,3H); MS (ESI) m/z 479.26, 481.25 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S5-7

Isopropylmagnesium chloride/lithium chloride (Chemetall FooteCorporation, 1.2 M solution in THF, 31.6 mL, 37.9 mmol) was added to asolution of compound S5-6 (3.47 g, 7.58 mmol) in THF (100 mL) undernitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. The resulting solution was warmed to rt andwas stirred for 30 min. After the solution was cooled to 0° C., DMF(5.84 mL, 75.8 mmol) was added slowly via syringe. The reaction waswarmed to rt over 1 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate (200 mL), was washed with water and brine, and was dried oversodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thematerial was dissolved in Methanol (50 mL) and was cooled to 0° C. NaBH₄(0.42 g, 11.4 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with water and was extractedwith EtOAc. The combined EtOAc extracts were dried (sodium sulfate) andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give 3.02 g of crude S5-7. Thematerial was used without further purification. MS (ESI) m/z 407.46(M−H).

Synthesis of S5-8

Compound S5-7 (961 mg, 2.35 mmol) was partially dissolved in1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) and tetrabutylammonium chloride (64.0 mg,0.23 mmol) was added. Thionyl chloride (0.683 mL, 9.41 mmol) was addedslowly, forming a clear solution. The reaction mixture was heated to 80°C. in a sealed tube and was stirred for 1 hour 30 min. The reactionmixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and was purified byflash chromatography on silica gel (50:1 to 20:1 hexanes/EtOAc). Thisgave 1.40 g (80%, 3 steps) of compound S5-8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.50-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.32 (m, 5H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.06 (m,2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 3.89 (d, J=0.72 Hz, 3H),2.43 (d, J=0.92 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 467.35 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S5-9-1

Diisopropylethylamine (2.39 mL, 13.73 mmol) and t-amylamine (0.294 mL,2.52 mmol) were added to a solution of compound $5-8 (1.02 g, 2.29 mmol)in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (15 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 110°C. overnight in a sealed tube. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder reduced pressure and was purified by flash chromatography onsilica gel (20:1 to 1:1 hexanes/EtOAc), yielding 623 mg (59%) ofcompound S5-9-1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.30(m, 5H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s,2H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.86 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H),1.08 (s, 6H), 0.91 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 460.45 (M+H).

The following compounds were prepared from S5-8 and the correspondingamines by methods similar to those described for S5-9-1.

Example 37. S5-9-2

R_(f)=0.20 in 33% EtOAc in Hexane; MS (ESI) m/z 432.48 (M+H).

Example 38. S5-9-3

MS (ESI) m/z 446.45 (M+H).

Example 39. S5-9-4

MS (ESI) m/z 446.48 (M+H).

Example 40. S5-9-5

R_(f)=0.25 in 33% EtOAc in Hexane; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.38(m, 2H), 7.37-7.28 (m, 5H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.02(s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.16(s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 446.48 (M+H).

Example 41. S5-9-6

MS (ESI) m/z 432.48 (M+H).

Example 42. S5-9-7

R_(f)=0.31 in 33% EtOAc in Hexane; MS (ESI) m/z 472.51 (M+H).

Example 43. S6-1-1

To a solution of S3-13-2 (221 mg, 0.491 mmol, 1 eq) indioxane:methanol:0.5 N HCl in methanol (1:1:1, 4 mL) was added palladiumon carbon (10%, 146 mg). The vessel was evacuated and back-filled withhydrogen gas three times, then degassed with bubbling hydrogen for 4min, and stirred at ambient temperature under a hydrogen balloon. After16.5 h, another 80 mg palladium catalyst was added, and the evacuationand degassing procedure repeated. After an additional 4 h, the reactionsuspension was filtered through Celite to remove the palladium catalystand concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the resultingcrude oil via flash column chromatography on silica gel (Silicycle, 25g, 1 to 8% methanol in dichloromethane gradient) provided 112.6 mg ofcompound S6-1-1 (70%) as a waxy white solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ11.42-11.10 (brs, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.11(d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.43-4.32 (m, 4H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 1.35(s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 326.94 (M+H).

Example 44. S6-2-1

To a solution of S6-1-1 (113 mg, 0.346 mmol, 1 eq) in trifluoroaceticacid (4 mL) at 0° C. was added potassium nitrate (67.4 mg, 0.667 mmol,1.92 eq). The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature atwhich point the solution turned orange. After 30 min, the solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure. To a solution of this crude oil inmethanol:THF (1:1, 2.5 mL) was added formaldehyde (37% aq, 64 μL, 0.87mmol, 2.5 eq) and palladium on carbon (10%, 101 mg). The reaction vesselwas evacuated and back-filled with hydrogen gas three times, and thesolution stirred at ambient temperature under a hydrogen balloon. After18 h, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and concentratedunder reduced pressure. This crude oil was dissolved indimethylformamide (2 mL), and diisopropylethylamine (241 μL, 1.38 mmol,4 eq), di-tert-butylcarbonate (226 mg, 1.04 mmol, 3 eq) and a catalyticamount of dimethylaminopyridine were added. The reaction mixture wasplaced under nitrogen and stirred at ambient temperature. After 2 h, thereaction solution was diluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate(10 mL) and water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). Thecombined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of theresulting crude oil via flash column chromatography on silica gel(Silicycle, 12 g, 5 to 30% EtOAc in hexane gradient) provided 72 mg ofS6-2-1 (44%) as a white solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.38 (m,2H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 3H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.73 (s, 6H), 2.40(s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.19 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 467.47 (M−H).

The following compounds were prepared by methods similar to thosedescribed for S6-2-1.

Example 45. S6-2-2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 3H), 4.08 (s,2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 2.88-2.80 (7H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.19 (d,J=4.9 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 455.01 (M+H).

Example 46. S6-2-3

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 3H), 4.09 (s,2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 2.73 (s, 6H), 2.64-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H),1.78-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.14 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 467.51 (M−H).

Example 47. S6-2-4

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 3H), 4.09 (s,2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 2.73 (s, 6H), 2.64-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H),1.78-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.14 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 467.55 (M−H).

Example 48. S6-2-5

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 3H), 4.13 (s,2H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 2.73 (s, 6H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.59-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.42(s, 9H), 1.09 (s, 6H), 0.92 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 481.48(M−H).

Example 49. Compound 102 Synthesis of S7-2-1

Lithium diisopropylamide was prepared at −40° C. from n-butyllithium(2.5 M solution in hexane, 0.118 mL, 0.294 mmol) and diisopropylamine(0.0416 mL, 0.294 mmol) in THF (5 mL). The reaction mixture was cooledto −78° C. and TMEDA (0.114 mL, 0.762 mmol) was added followed by thedropwise addition of a solution of compound S1-11-1 (66.5 mg, 0.153mmol) in THF (2 mL). This resulted in an orange-red colored solution.After 5 min, a solution of enone S7-1 (61.3 mg, 0.127 mmol) in THF (1mL) was added. After complete addition, the reaction mixture was allowedto warm to −20° C. over 1 h. The reaction was quenched by the additionof ammonium chloride (saturated, aqueous solution) and was extractedwith EtOAc (2×). The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered,and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified on aWaters Autopurification system equipped with a Sunfire Prep C18 OBDcolumn [5 μm, 19×50 mm; flow rate, 20 mL/min; Solvent A: H₂O with 0.1%HCO₂H; Solvent B: CH₃CN with 0.1% HCO₂H; gradient: 20→100% B;mass-directed fraction collection], yielding 17.2 mg (17%) of thedesired product S7-2-1 as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 16.0(s, 1H), 7.52-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.26 (m, 8H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 4.92 (s,2H), 4.32-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.06-3.90 (m, 3H), 3.21 (dd, J=15.6, 4.6 Hz,1H), 3.03-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.36 (m, 9H), 2.13 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H), 1.18(s, 9H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 822.51(M+H).

Synthesis of Compound 102

Aqueous HF (0.4 mL, 48%) was added to a solution of S7-2-1 (17.2 mg,0.0209 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (0.8 mL) in a plastic vial. After 4 h, thereaction mixture was poured into a solution of K₂HPO₄ (4.8 g) in water(15 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined EtOAcextracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure. The material was dissolved in Methanol (1 mL), 1,4-dioxane (1mL) and 0.5 M HCl in Methanol (0.5 mL), and palladium on carbon(Degussa, 10 wt %, ˜5 mg) was added. An atmosphere of hydrogen wasintroduced, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. The reactionmixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentratedunder reduced pressure. The material was purified on a WatersAutopurification system equipped with a Phenomenex Polymerx 10μ RP 100Acolumn [10 μm, 30×21.20 mm; flow rate, 20 mL/min; Solvent A: 0.05N HClin water; Solvent B: CH₃CN; gradient: 0→70% B; mass-directed fractioncollection]. Fractions with the desired MW were collected andfreeze-dried to yield 8.7 mg (69%, 2 steps) of the desired productCompound 102 as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 drop DCl)δ 4.85 (q, J=15.1 Hz, 2H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.22-2.95 (m,9H), 2.36-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.53 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z530.35 (M+H).

The following compounds were prepared by methods similar to that forCompound 102, substituting the appropriate isoindoline S1-11, S2-1,S3-13, 54-10, S5-9, or S6-2 for S1-11-1.

Example 50. Compound 101

Prepared from S2-1-1, yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 dropDCl) δ 5.17 (d, J=14.7 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (d, J=14.7Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 3.34-2.95(m, 9H), 2.38-2.22 (m, 2H), 1.61 (q, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (s, 9H); MS(ESI) m/z 544.35 (M+H).

Example 51. Compound 150

Prepared from S3-13-1, yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 dropDCl) δ 4.94-4.67 (m, 4H), 4.18 (s, 1H), 3.18-2.95 (m, 9H), 2.40-2.26 (m,2H), 1.91 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (q, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (s, 6H), 1.08(t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 560.26, 562.27 (M+H).

Example 52. Compound 144

Prepared from S3-13-2, yellow solid: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 dropDCl) δ 4.90-4.73 (m, 4H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.17-2.95 (m, 9H), 2.41-2.24 (m,2H), 1.68-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.53 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 546.20, 548.29 (M+H).

Example 53. Compound 149

Prepared from S3-13-3, yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 dropDCl) δ 5.05-4.95 (m, 2H), 4.71 (d, J=15.1 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J=14.2 Hz,1H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.50-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.17-2.94 (m, 9H), 2.42-2.24 (m,2H), 1.94-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.63 (q, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 1.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 532.23, 534.20 (M+H).

Example 54. Compound 110

Prepared from S3-13-4, yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 dropDCl) δ 4.98-4.86 (m, 2H), 4.78 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (d, J=14.2 Hz,1H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.70-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.17-2.92 (m, 9H), 2.43-2.24 (m,2H), 2.08-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.42 (m, 3H), 1.08 (t,J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 546.21, 548.23 (M+H).

Example 55. Compound 117

Prepared from S3-13-5, yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 dropDCl) δ 4.98-4.88 (m, 2H), 4.84-4.64 (m, 2H), 4.15 (s, 1H), 3.70-3.57 (m,1H), 3.15-2.94 (m, 9H), 2.43-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.55(m, 2H), 1.45 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z546.48, 548.48 (M+H).

Example 56. Compound 119

Prepared from S5-9-1, yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.87 (s,2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 3.76 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 3H), 3.27-3.19 (m,1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 3.06-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.18 (m, 2H),1.88 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.47 (s, 6H), 1.08 (t, J=7.3Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 556.53 (M+H).

Example 57. Compound 138

Prepared from S5-9-2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s,2H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.76 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 3H), 3.27-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.04 (s,3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 3.10-2.91 (m, 4H), 2.36-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.97 (m,1H), 1.77-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.08 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 528.51(M+H).

Example 58. Compound 145

Prepared from S5-9-3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.00-4.76 (m, 2H), 4.59(d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H),3.66-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.10-2.91 (m, 9H), 2.35-2.19 (m,2H), 2.09-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.08(t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 542.54 (M+H).

Example 59. Compound 148

Prepared from S5-9-4: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.00-4.76 (m, 2H), 4.58(d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.75 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.64-3.55 (m,1H), 3.27-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.09-2.90 (m, 9H), 2.35-2.19 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.95(m, 1H), 1.77-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.45 (dd, J=6.4, 3.7 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=7.2Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 542.52 (M+H).

Example 60. Compound 125

Prepared from S5-9-5: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.70 (s,2H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.76 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 3H), 3.27-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.04 (s,3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 3.10-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.58 (m,1H), 1.53 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 542.56 (M+H).

Example 61. Compound 107

Prepared from S1-11-2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.99-4.94 (m, 1H),4.88-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.97-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.85 (m, 1H),3.25-3.16 (m, 1H), 3.15-2.92 (m, 11H), 2.41-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.17 (m,1H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 520.24 (M+H).

Example 62. Compound 134

Prepared from S1-11-3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.07-4.92 (m, 1H),4.80-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.85-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.65 (m, 2H),3.46 (s, 3H), 3.23-3.14 (m, 1H), 3.13-2.92 (m, 9H), 2.39-2.19 (m, 2H),1.70-1.56 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 532.24 (M+H).

Example 63. Compound 121

Prepared from S1-11-4: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.78-4.68 (m, 1H),4.63-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 3.38-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.14 (m, 1H),3.14-2.89 (m, 10H), 2.41-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.58 (m,1H), 1.11 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 530.19 (M+H).

Example 64. Compound 104

Prepared from S1-11-5: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.08-4.70 (m, 3H),4.69-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 4.01-3.92 (m, 1H),3.91-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.14 (m,1H), 3.14-2.92 (m, 8H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.92(m, 2H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 558.26 (M+H).

Example 65. Compound 108

Prepared from S1-11-6: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.07-4.70 (m, 3H),4.69-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 4.01-3.92 (m, 1H),3.91-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.14 (m,1H), 3.14-2.92 (m, 8H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.13 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.92(m, 2H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 558.21 (M+H).

Example 66. Compound 143

Prepared from S1-11-7: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.05-4.81 (m, 2H),4.80-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 3.85-3.72 (m, 1H),3.24-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.13-2.90 (m, 8H), 2.40-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.16 (m,1H), 1.71-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.47 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 516.32(M+H).

Example 67. Compound 120

Prepared from S1-11-8: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.10-4.74 (m, 3H),4.70-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.69-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.24-2.88 (m, 9H),2.40-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.57 (m,2H), 1.45 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 530.27(M+H).

Example 68. Compound 130

Prepared from S1-11-9: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.03-4.74 (m, 3H),4.68-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.23-2.90 (m, 9H),2.37-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.44 (d, J=6.1Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 530.26 (M+H).

Example 69. Compound 123

Prepared from S1-11-10: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.05-4.73 (m, 3H),4.68-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.66-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.23-2.91 (m, 9H),2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.57 (m,2H), 1.44 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 530.26(M+H).

Example 70. Compound 137

Prepared from S1-11-11: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.08-4.73 (m, 3H),4.72-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.23-2.90 (m, 9H),2.44-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.37 (d, J=6.7Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.07-1.01 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 544.32(M+H).

Example 71. Compound 106

Prepared from S1-11-12: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.10-4.73 (m, 3H),4.72-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.66-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.24-2.87 (m, 9H),2.45-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=6.7Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d. J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z544.31 (M+H).

Example 72. Compound 100

Prepared from S1-11-13: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.10-4.91 (m, 2H),4.78-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.65-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 4.03-3.90 (m, 1H),3.24-2.90 (m, 9H), 2.39-2.18 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.70 (m, 6H), 1.70-1.56 (m,1H); MS (ESI) m/z 542.27 (M+H).

Example 73. Compound 140

Prepared from S1-11-14: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.15-5.43 (broad, 4H),4.41-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.08 (s, 1H),3.90-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.14 (m, 1H), 3.13-2.91 (m,8H), 2.57-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.17 (m, 3H), 1.71-1.57 (m, 1H); MS (ESI)m/z 544.21 (M+H).

Example 74. Compound 129

Prepared from S1-11-15: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.96-4.63 (m, 4H),4.10 (s, 1H), 3.28-2.85 (m, 9H), 2.41-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.82 (m, 2H),1.70-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 6H), 1.12-1.02 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 569.26(M+H).

Example 75. Compound 118

Prepared from S1-11-16: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.02-4.74 (m, 4H),4.09 (s, 1H), 3.23-2.91 2.39-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.57(m, 1H), 1.37 (s, 6H), 1.34-1.25 (m, 1H), 0.78-0.68 (m, 2H), 0.68-0.61(m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z, 556.36 (M+H).

Example 76. Compound 133

Prepared from S1-11-17: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.99-4.79 (m, 2H),4.79-4.69 (m, 2H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.24-2.92 (m, 9H), 2.39-2.27 (m, 1H),2.27-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.86 (s, 2H), 1.70-1.56 (m, 7H), 1.13 (s, 9H); MS(ESI) m/z 586.38 (M+H).

Example 77. Compound 114

Prepared from S1-11-18: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.09-4.80 (m, 4H),4.10 (s, 1H), 3.28-2.94 (m, 10H), 2.40-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.21 (m, 1H),1.72-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.20-1.28 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.03 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z514.47 (M+H).

Example 78. Compound 132

Prepared from S1-11-19: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.04-4.84 (m, 2H),4.64-4.56 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.18-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.15 (m,1H), 3.14-2.95 (m, 8H), 2.50-2.29 (m, 5H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.85(m, 2H), 1.71-1.58 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 528.49 (M+H).

Example 79. Compound 136

Prepared from S1-11-20: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.97-4.81 (m, 1H),4.80-4.65 (m, 3H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 3.23-2.91 (m, 9H),2.39-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 6H);MS (ESI) m/z 546.33 (M+H).

Example 80. Compound 142

Prepared from S1-11-21: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.08-4.81 (m, 2H),4.75-4.47 (m, 2H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 3.50-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.21-2.84 (m, 9H),2.40-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.57 (m,1H), 1.07 (t. J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 516.24 (M+H).

Example 81. Compound 122

Prepared from S1-11-22: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.96-4.82 (m, 4H),4.10 (s, 1H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.15 (m, 1H), 3.14-2.91(m, 8H), 2.40-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.54 (m, 7H); MS(ESI) m/z 548.53 (M+H).

Example 82. Compound 146

Prepared from S1-11-23: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.92-4.78 (m, 2H),4.78-4.66 (m, 2H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.98-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.78 (m, 2H),3.22-3.12 (m, 1H), 3.14-2.90 (m, 8H), 2.40-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.01 (m,7H), 1.74-1.56 (m, 7H); MS (ESI) m/z 599.29 (M+H).

Example 83. Compound 126

Prepared from S4-10-1: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.13-4.96 (m, 1H),4.64-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.86-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.24-2.89 (m, 11H),2.66-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.47 (s, 6H);MS (ESI) m/z 566.26 (M+H).

Example 84. Compound 113

Prepared from S4-10-2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.08-4.93 (m, 1H),4.80-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.17 (m, 1H),3.16-2.85 (m, 10H), 2.65-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.95 (m,1H), 1.77-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.45 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H),MS (ESI) m/z 580.26 (M+H).

Example 85. Compound 128

Prepared from S4-10-3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.08-4.91 (m, 1H),4.70-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.13 (s, 1H), 3.66-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.17 (m, 1H),3.16-2.86 (m, 10H), 2.66-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.94 (m,1H), 1.77-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.45 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 580.26 (M+H).

Example 86. Compound 112

Prepared from S4-10-4: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.98-4.86 (m, 1H),4.78-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 3.25-2.89 (m, 12H), 2.68-2.52 (m, 1H),2.27-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.53 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 580.26(M+H).

Example 87. Compound 116

Prepared from S4-10-5: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.17-5.01 (m, 2H), 4.12(s, 1H), 3.27-3.19 (2H), 3.16-2.84 (m, 10H), 2.66-2.54 (m, 1H),2.27-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.20-1.13 (m, 2H), 1.09-1.02 (m,2H); MS (ESI) m/z 564.17 (M+H).

Example 88. Compound 141

Prepared from S4-10-6: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.20-5.07 (m, 1H),4.58-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.13 (s, 1H), 3.51-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.17 (m, 1H),3.16-2.90 (m, 10H), 2.67-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.80 (m,2H), 1.72-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.08 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 566.26(M+H).

Example 89. Compound 115

Prepared from S6-2-1: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.16-4.96 (m, 2H),4.78-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.28-2.92 (m, 15H), 2.61-2.40 (m, 1H),2.36-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.53 (m, 10H); MS (ESI) m/z 555.27 (M+H).

Example 90. Compound 135

Prepared from S6-2-2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.19-5.03 (m, 1H),4.60-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.13 (s, 1H), 3.88-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.13-2.82 (m, 17H),2.48-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.57-1.44 (m, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z541.24 (M+H).

Example 91. Compound 124

Prepared from S6-2-3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.10-4.96 (m, 1H),4.58-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.68-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.10-2.68 (m, 18H),2.40-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.11-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.46 (d, J=6.1Hz, 3H), 1.09 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 555.33 (M+H).

Example 92. Compound 127

Prepared from S6-2-4: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.14-4.96 (m, 1H),4.58-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.66-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.10-2.69 (m, 18H),2.38-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.14-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.53-1.40 (m,3H), 1.08 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 555.39 (M+H).

Example 93. Compound 103

Prepared from S6-2-5: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.12-4.98 (m, 2H), 4.71(s, 2H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.25-2.91 (m, 15H), 2.61-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.25(m, 1H), 1.99-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.52 (s, 6H), 1.10 (t,J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 569.26 (M+H).

Example 94. Compound 105 Synthesis of S8-1

To a solution of lithium diisopropylamide (1.8 M in hexanes, 446 μL,0.804 mmol, 2.2 eq) and TMEDA (328 μL, 2.19 mmol, 6 eq) in THF (8 mL) at−78° C. was added a solution of compound S1-11-21 (168 mg, 0.402 mmol,1.1 eq) in THF (1 mL) by dropwise addition. This resulted in a dark redcolored solution. After 30 min, a solution of enone S7-1 (175 mg, 0.362mmol, 1 eq) in THF (1.2 mL) was added. After complete addition, thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to −15° C. over 1 h. The reactionwas quenched by the addition of ammonium chloride (saturated, aqueoussolution, 15 mL) and was extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combinedorganic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting oil via flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel (Silicycle, 25 g, 10 to 25% EtOAc inhexanes gradient) provided 208 mg of S8-1 (71%) as a white solid: ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 16.05 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.28 (m, 8H),5.95-5.79 (m, 1H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.27-5.12 (m, 2H), 4.90 (q, J=10.4 Hz,2H), 4.01-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.29 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.25-3.18 (m, 1H),3.03-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.34 (m, 9H), 2.13 (d, J=14.7 Hz, 1H), 0.82 (s,9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 806.38 (M+H).

Synthesis of S8-2

A flame-dried vial was charged with N,N-dimethylbarbituric acid (103 mg,0.66 mmol, 2.6 eq) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (20.1mg, 0.017 mmol, 0.07 eq). The vial was evacuated and back-filled withnitrogen three times. A solution of S8-1 (205 mg, 0.254 mmol, 1 eq) indichloromethane (degassed, 4 mL) under nitrogen was transferred viasyringe to the prepared vial. The resulting heterogeneous solution wasplaced in a 35° C. heating block. After 1 h, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting oilvia flash column chromatography on silica gel (Silicycle, 12 g, 20 to60% EtOAc in hexanes gradient) provided 176 mg of S8-2 (90%) as anorange solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.52-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.28 (m,8H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 4.34-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.19-3.99 (m, 2H),3.96 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.23 (dd, J=4.9, 15.2 Hz,1H), 3.04-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.36 (m, 9H), 2.14 (d, J=14.7 Hz, 1H), 0.82(s, 9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 766.33 (M+H).

Synthesis of Compound 105

To a solution of S8-2 (9.6 mg, 0.012 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL)was added an aqueous solution of HF (50%, 150 μL). After two hours, thereaction mixture was poured into an aqueous K₂HPO₄ solution (2.4 g in 25mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers weredried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Palladium on carbon (10%, 8 mg) was added to a solution of this crudeoil in dioxane:MeOH:0.5 N HCl in Methanol (5:4:1, 1 mL). The flask wasfitted with a septum and evacuated and back-filled three times withhydrogen gas, and then the solution was degassed with bubbling hydrogenfor 3 minutes. The reaction was stirred under an atmosphere (balloon) ofhydrogen gas for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celiteto remove the palladium catalyst and concentrated under reducedpressure. Preparative reverse phase HPLC of the resulting oil wasperformed on a Waters Autopurification system using a Polymerx 10μ RP-γ100 R column [30×21.20 mm, 10 micron, solvent A: 0.05 N HCl in water,solvent B: Methanol; injection volume: 1.5 mL (0.05 N HCl in water);gradient: 20→80% B over 20 min; mass-directed fraction collection].Fractions with the desired MW, eluting at 6.75-7.5 min, were collectedand freeze-dried to provide 2.0 mg of the desired compound Compound 105(33%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 4.09 (s, 1H),3.25-3.14 (m, 1H), 3.14-2.88 (m, 8H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.18 (m,1H), 1.71-1.59 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 474.13 (M+H).

Example 95. Compound 111 Synthesis of S8-4-1

To a solution of S8-2 (30.3 mg, 0.040 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (1 mL) wasadded bromoacetylbromide (3.6 μL, 0.041 mmol, 1.05 eq). After 5 min,0.75 μL bromoacetylbromide (0.008 mmol, 0.2 eq) was added, followed bycyclopentylamine (19.5 μL, 0.197 mmol, 5 eq). After 1 h, the reactionwas complete, and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure toproduce crude S8-4-1, which was used without further purification

Synthesis of Compound 111

To a solution of this crude oil in 1,4-dioxane (1.8 mL) was added anaqueous solution of HF (50%, 250 μL). After 1.5 h, the reaction mixturewas poured into an aqueous K₂HPO₄ solution (3.6 g in 30 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Palladiumon carbon (10%, 15.1 mg) was added to a solution of this crude oil indioxane:MeOH (1:1, 1 mL). The flask was fitted with a septum andevacuated and back-filled three times with hydrogen gas. The reactionwas stirred under an atmosphere (balloon) of hydrogen gas for 3 h. Thereaction mixture was filtered through Celite to remove the palladiumcatalyst and concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative reversephase HPLC of the resulting oil was performed on a WatersAutopurification system using a Polymerx 10μ RP-γ 100 R column [30×21.20mm, 10 micron, solvent A: 0.05 N HCl in water, solvent B: CH₃CN;injection volume: 2.4 mL (0.05 N HCl in water); gradient: 20→80% B over20 min; mass-directed fraction collection]. Fractions with the desiredMW, eluting at 11.0-12.5 min, were collected and freeze-dried to provide2.4 mg of the desired compound Compound 111 (9%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 5.04-4.75 (m, 4H), 4.17-4.06 (m, 3H), 3.68-3.56 (m, 1H),3.24-290 (m, 9H), 2.38-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.04 (m, 3H), 1.91-1.57 (m,7H); MS (ESI) m/z 599.28 (M+H).

Example 96. Compound 131

To a solution of S8-2 (20.1 mg, 0.026 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (1 mL) wasadded dimethylaminoacetyl chloride hydrochloride (85%, 7.4 mg, 0.039mmol, 1.5 eq). After 2.5 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with sodiumbicarbonate solution (saturated, aqueous, 3 mL) and extracted with EtOAc(2×7 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure toproduce S8-4-2 (not shown). To a solution of this crude oil in1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was added an aqueous solution of HF (50%, 300 μL).After 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was poured into an aqueous K₂HPO₄solution (3.6 g in 30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Palladium on carbon (10%, 12 mg) was added to asolution of this crude oil in dioxane:MeOH (1:1, 1 mL). The flask wasfitted with a septum and evacuated and back-filled three times withhydrogen gas. The reaction mixture was stirred under an atmosphere(balloon) of hydrogen gas for 2.5 h, then was filtered through Celite toremove the palladium catalyst and concentrated under reduced pressure.Preparative reverse phase HPLC of the resulting oil was performed on aWaters Autopurification system using a Polymerx 10μ RP-γ 100 R column[30×21.20 mm, 10 micron, solvent A: 0.05 N HCl in water, solvent B:Methanol; injection volume: 2.0 mL (20% Methanol in 0.05 N HCl inwater); gradient: 20→80% B over 20 min; mass-directed fractioncollection]. Fractions with the desired MW, eluting at 8.0-10.2 min,were collected and freeze-dried to provide 7.0 mg of the desiredcompound Compound 131 (42%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.99-4.73 (m,4H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.22-2.91 (m, 15H), 2.37-2.16 (m,2H), 1.71-1.56 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 559.19 (M+H).

Example 97. Compound 139

To a solution of S8-2 (21.0 mg, 0.027 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (1 mL) wasadded pyrrolidineacetylchloride hydrochloride (8.4 mg, 0.045 mmol, 1.7eq). After 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with sodium bicarbonatesolution (saturated, aqueous, 3.5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×7 mL).The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 mL), dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to produceS8-4-3 (not shown). To a solution of this crude oil in 1,4-dioxane (1.7mL) was added an aqueous solution of HF (50%, 300 μL). After 1.5 h, thereaction mixture was poured into an aqueous K₂HPO₄ solution (3.6 g in 30mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The combined organic layers weredried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Palladium on carbon (10%, 15 mg) was added to a solution of this crudeoil in dioxane:MeOH (5:4, 0.90 mL). The flask was fitted with a septumand evacuated and back-filled three times with hydrogen gas. Thereaction mixture was stirred under an atmosphere (balloon) of hydrogengas for 2.5 h, then was filtered through Celite to remove the palladiumcatalyst and concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative reversephase HPLC of the resulting oil was performed on a WatersAutopurification system using a Polymerx 10μ RP-γ 100 R column [30×21.20mm, 10 micron, solvent A: 0.05 N HCl in water, solvent B: Methanol;injection volume: 2.0 mL (20% Methanol in 0.05 N HCl in water);gradient: 20→80% B over 20 min; mass-directed fraction collection].Fractions with the desired MW, eluting at 9.4-11.1 min, were collectedand freeze-dried to provide 3.5 mg of the desired compound Compound 139(19%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.00-4.74 (m, 4H), 4.43-4.35 (m, 2H),4.09 (s, 1H), 3.84-3.73 (m, 2H), 3.27-2.90 (m, 11H), 2.37-2.00 (m, 6H),1.70-1.56 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 585.28 (M+H).

Example 98. Compound 147

To a solution of S8-2 (33.0 mg, 0.043 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (1 mL) wasadded bromoacetylbromide (4.1 μL, 0.047 mmol, 1.1 eq). After 40 min,(S)-(+)-3-fluoropyrrolidine hydrochloride salt (15.6 mg, 0.124 mmol, 3eq) was added, followed by triethylamine (18 μL, 0.126 mmol, 3 eq).After an additional 19 h, additional pyrrolidine salt (32 mg, 0.254mmol, 6 eq) and triethylamine (54 μL, 0.387 mmol, 9 eq) were added.After 20 h, the mixture was diluted with brine (8 mL), water (1.5 mL),and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers weredried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure toproduce S8-4-4 (not shown). To a solution of this crude oil in1,4-dioxane (1 mL) was added an aqueous solution of HF (50%, 250 μL).After 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was poured into an aqueous K₂HPO₄solution (3 g in 30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combinedorganic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. Palladium on carbon (10%, 16.5 mg) was added to asolution of this crude oil in dioxane:MeOH (1:1, 1 mL). The flask wasfitted with a septum and evacuated and back-filled three times withhydrogen gas. The reaction was stirred under an atmosphere (balloon) ofhydrogen gas for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celiteto remove the palladium catalyst and concentrated under reducedpressure. Preparative reverse phase HPLC of the resulting oil wasperformed on a Waters Autopurification system using a Polymerx 10μ RP-γ100 R column [30×21.20 mm, 10 micron, solvent A: 0.05 N HCl in water,solvent B: CH₃CN; injection volume: 2.4 mL (0.05 N HCl in water);gradient: 10-60% B over 15 min; mass-directed fraction collection].Fractions with the desired MW, eluting at 6.3-7.3 min, were collectedand freeze-dried to provide 7.8 mg of the desired compound Compound 147(27%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.61-5.34 (m, 1H), 5.02-4.77 (m, 4H),4.58-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.18-3.90 (m, 3H), 3.74-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.24-2.89 (m,9H), 2.59-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.27-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.58 (m, 1H); MS (ESI)m/z 603.35 (M+H).

Example 99. Compound 109

Compound 150 (7.9 mg, 0.013 mmol) was dissolved in Methanol (1 mL) and1,4-dioxane (1 mL) and 0.5 M HCl in Methanol (0.2 mL), and palladium oncarbon (Degussa, 10 wt %, ˜2 mg) was added. An atmosphere of hydrogenwas introduced, and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. Thereaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. The material was dissolved inMethanol (1 mL) and palladium on carbon (Degussa, 10 wt %, ˜20 mg) wasadded. An atmosphere of hydrogen was introduced, and the reactionmixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered throughCelite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Thematerial was purified on a Waters Autopurification system equipped witha Phenomenex Polymerx 10μ RP 100A column [10 μm, 30×21.20 mm; flow rate,20 mL/min; Solvent A: 0.05N HCl in water; Solvent B: Methanol; gradient:20→100% B; mass-directed fraction collection]. Fractions with thedesired MW were collected and freeze-dried to yield 1.2 mg (16%, 2steps) of the desired product Compound 109 as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 drop DCl) δ 6.84 (s, 1H), 4.85-4.65 (m, 4H), 4.13(s, 1H), 3.15-2.88 (m, 9H), 2.61-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H),1.92-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 6H), 1.06 (t, J=7.3 Hz,3H); MS (ESI) m/z 526.30 (M+H).

Example 100. Compound 201 Synthesis of S10-1

(Methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride (1.55 g, 4.51 mmol) wasadded to a suspension of potassium t-butoxide (0.506 g, 4.51 mmol) inTHF (15 mL), giving an immediate red colored solution. After 15 min, asolution of compound S1-7 (1.00 g, 2.26 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added.After 2 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with water and wasextracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material waspurified by column chromatography (Biotage 20 g column, 0 to 6% EtOAc inhexane gradient), yielding 986 mg (93%) of the compound S10-1 as amixture of two isomers. MS (ESI) m/z 493.04, 495.04 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S10-2

i-Propyl magnesium chloride/lithium chloride solution (Chemetall FooteCorporation, 1.2 M solution in THF, 8.5 mL, 10.2 mmol) was added to a−50° C. solution of compound S10-1 (956 mg, 2.03 mmol) in THF (20 mL).The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C. over 1 h.N,N-Dimethylformamide (1.25 mL, 16.2 mmol) was added, and the reactionwas allowed to warm to rt. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture wasquenched with ammonium chloride (saturated, aqueous solution) and wasextracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material waspurified by column chromatography (Biotage 25 g column, 5 to 40% EtOAcin hexane gradient), yielding 205 mg (24%) of compound S10-2. R_(f)=0.23in 20% EtOAc in hexane; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.3 (s, 1H),7.45-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.02 (m, 3H), 6.67 (d, J=12.8Hz, 1H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 2.43 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI)m/z 443.18 (M+Na).

Synthesis of S10-3-1

Neopentylamine (0.077 mL, 0.66 mmol) was added to a solution of compoundS10-2 (55.5 mg, 0.132 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and Acetic acid (0.038 mL,0.66 mmol). After 5 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (83.9 mg, 0.396mmol) was added. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was diluted withEtOAc and was washed with NaHCO₃ (saturated, aqueous solution, 2×). Theorganics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure, yielding 53.3 mg (88% crude) of compound S10-3-1. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.26-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.04(m, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 2.86-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.35 (d, J=1.8Hz, 3H), 2.23 (s, 2H), 0.89 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 462.28 (M+H).

Synthesis of S10-4-1

Lithium diisopropylamide was prepared at −40° C. from n-butyllithium(2.5 M solution in hexane, 0.045 mL, 0.11 mmol) and diisopropylamine(0.016 mL, 0.11 mmol) in THF (2 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to−78° C. and TMEDA (0.040 mL, 0.27 mmol) was added followed by thedropwise addition of a solution of compound S10-3-1 (24.9 mg, 0.0539mmol) in THF (1 mL). No color change was observed, so additional lithiumdiisopropylamide (2.0M solution in THF, 0.060 mL, 0.12 mmol) was addeduntil a deep red colored solution persisted. After 15 min, a solution ofenone S7-1 (21.7 mg, 0.045 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added. Aftercomplete addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to −20° C.over 1 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of ammonium chloride(saturated, aqueous solution) and was extracted with EtOAc (2×). Thecombined extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The material was purified on a WatersAutopurification system equipped with a Sunfire Prep C18 OBD column [5μm, 19×50 mm; flow rate, 20 mL/min; Solvent A: H₂O with 0.1% HCO₂H;Solvent B: CH₃CN with 0.1% HCO₂H; gradient: 50→100% B; mass-directedfraction collection], yielding 18.9 mg (49%) of the desired productS10-4-1 as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 16.0 (s, 1H),7.52-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.28 (m, 8H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 4.94 (d, J=11.0 Hz,1H), 4.78 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.10-3.89 (m, 3H), 3.29-3.15 (m, 2H),3.06-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.40 (m, 11H), 2.15 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (s,9H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 850.39(M+H).

Synthesis of Compound 201

Aqueous HF (0.4 mL, 48%) was added to a solution of S10-4-1 (18.9 mg,0.022 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) in a plastic vial. After stirringovernight, the reaction mixture was poured into a solution of K₂HPO₄(4.8 g) in water (15 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×). Thecombined EtOAc extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The material was dissolved inMethanol (2 mL), 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and 0.5M HCl in Methanol (0.5 mL),and palladium on carbon (Degussa, 10 wt %, ˜5 mg) was added. Anatmosphere of hydrogen was introduced, and the reaction mixture wasstirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, andthe filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The material waspurified on a Waters Autopurification system equipped with a PhenomenexPolymerx 10μ RP 100A column [10 μm, 30×21.20 mm; flow rate, 20 mL/min;Solvent A: 0.05N HCl in water; Solvent B: CH₃CN; gradient: 0→70% B;mass-directed fraction collection]. Fractions with the desired MW werecollected and freeze-dried to yield 7.8 mg (57%, 2 steps) of the desiredproduct Compound 201 as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1drop DCl) δ 4.60 (t, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=16.0, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15(s, 1H), 3.88-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.16 (m, 5H),3.15-2.96 (m, 8H), 2.35-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.61 (q, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 1.20 (s,9H); MS (ESI) m/z 558.26 (M+H).

The following compounds were prepared by methods similar to that forCompound 201, substituting the appropriate tetrahydroisoquinoline forS10-3-1. The appropriate tetrahydroisoquinolines were prepared bymethods similar to that for S10-3-1, substituting the appropriate aminefor neopentylamine.

Example 101. Compound 200

Yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 drop DCl) δ 4.53 (t, J=15.8Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=16.0, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (s, 1H), 4.04-3.96 (m, 1H),3.34-3.14 (m, 4H), 3.14-2.90 (m, 8H), 2.34-2.23 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.52 (m,10H); MS (ESI) m/z 544.27 (M+H).

Prepared from S10-3-2,

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 1H),7.12-7.08 (m, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 2.86-2.80 (m, 2H),2.78-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.11 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 448.31(M+H).

Example 102. Compound 202

Yellow solid: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD with 1 drop DCl) δ 4.59 (t, J=15.3Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J=16.3, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (s, 1H), 3.94-3.86 (m, 1H),3.86-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.33-2.96 (m, 11H), 2.35-2.22 (m,4H), 2.00-1.84 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.55 (m, 1H); MS (ESI)m/z 556.26 (M+H).

Prepared from S10-3-3,

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 1H),7.12-7.08 (m, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.83 (m, 2H),2.78-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.34 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.96-1.86(m, 2H), 1.76-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.42 (m, 4H); MS (ESI) m/z 460.54(M+H).

Example 103. Preparation of phenyl5-(benzyloxy)-8-fluoro-7-methyl-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylate(S11-4-1) Synthesis of S11-1

To a stirred suspension of compound S1-7 (3.99 g, 8.99 mmol, 1 eq) inmethanol (50 mL) was added sodium borohydride (420 mg, 11.1 mmol, 1.3eq). Gas evolution was evident; the solution was homogeneous after 5min. After 40 min the reaction was complete. The mixture was poured intoa saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (40 mL), water (10 mL), and extractedwith EtOAc (3×75 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material(2.13 g, 4.30 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropically dried from toluene threetimes and dried under vacuum for 2 h. To a solution of this bromide inTHF (90 mL) under N₂ at −50° C. was added isopropyl magnesiumchloride-lithium chloride complex (1.2 M solution in THF, 37.4 mL, 44.9mmol, 5 eq) dropwise over 10 minutes. The resulting dark yellow solutionwas allowed to warm to 0° C. over 1 h. Dimethylformamide (5.57 mL, 71.9mmol, 8 eq) was added dropwise, and the solution was heated to 40° C.for 1.5 h. The reaction solution was poured into a saturated aqueousNH₄Cl solution (45 mL), water (20 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (2×100mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. MS (ESI) m/z 393.32 (M−H).

Synthesis of S11-2

A flame-dried flask was cooled under nitrogen and charged with potassiumtert-butoxide (1.78 g, 15.8 mmol, 2 eq), evacuated and back-filled withN₂, charged with THF (80 mL), and cooled to 0° C. To this solution wasadded (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride (5.43 g, 15.8 mmol, 2eq). The resulting red solution was allowed to warm to room temperaturefor 30 min, and a solution of S11-1 (3.11 g, 7.88 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (15mL) was added slowly. After 1.5 h, the reaction was diluted with water(45 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×75 mL). The combined organic layerswere washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification of the resulting crude oil via flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel (Redisep, 220 g, 5 to 40% EtOAc inhexane gradient) provided 1.57 g and 949 mg of the E and Z isomers ofS11-2, respectively (75% total, 1.65:1 E:Z) as yellow oils: ¹H NMR(E-isomer, 400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 1H),7.14-7.03 (m, 3H), 5.88 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.76 (s, 2H),3.63 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 421.37 (E-isomer, M−H); ¹H NMR(Z-isomer, 400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.42-7.29 (m, 7H), 7.04 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H),6.31 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 4.65 (s,2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 421.34 (Z-isomer, M−H).

Synthesis of S11-3

To a solution of S11-2 (196 mg, 0.464 mmol, 1 eq) in dichloromethane(4.6 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (239 mg, 0.563 mmol, 1.2 eq).After 1 h, the solution was diluted with saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combinedorganic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10mL), brine (20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated underreduced pressure. The material was used immediately in the next reactionwithout further purification or characterization.

Synthesis of S11-4-1

To the crude compound S11-3 (0.116 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) wasadded acetic acid (33 μL, 0.58 mmol, 5 eq) and propylamine (48 μL, 0.58mmol, 5 eq) were added. After 50 min, the solution was deep red incolor. After 2 h, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (123 mg, 0.58 mmol, 5 eq)was added to the reaction mixture. The solution color faded to yellow.After an additional 17.5 h, the reaction mixture was diluted withsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (4 mL) and extracted with EtOAc(2×8 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification of the resulting crude oil via flash column chromatographyon silica gel (Biotage, 10 g, 2 to 20% EtOAc in hexane gradient)provided 29 mg of S11-4-1 (57%) as a clear oil: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d,J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 2.99-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.63(m, 2H), 2.58-2.48 (m, 5H), 2.38 (s, 3H) 1.72-1.58 (m, 2H), 0.97 (d,J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 432.40 (M−H).

The following intermediates were prepared according to the methods usedto synthesize S11-4-1.

Example 104. S11-4-2

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d,J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 2.98-292 (m, 2H), 2.73-2.60(m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H) 1.21 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 418.41 (M−H).

Example 105. S11-4-3

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 5H),7.27-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 3.61 (s, 2H),2.96-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.25 (m, 5H), 1.91-1.85 (m,1H), 0.95 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 446.40 (M−H).

Example 106. S11-4-4

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 5H),7.28-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 2H),2.92-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 2H), 0.92(s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 460.41 (M−H).

Example 107. S11-4-5

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.29 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d,J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.04-2.87 (m, 3H), 2.80-2.69(m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.16 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 432.39(M−H).

Example 108. S11-4-6

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.29 (m, 5H),7.27-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.85-3.67 (m,2H), 3.00-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.60 (m,1H), 1.49-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 446.43 (M−H).

Example 109. S11-4-7

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.29 (m, 5H),7.27-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.85-3.67 (m,2H), 3.00-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.60 (m,1H), 1.49-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 446.46 (M−H).

Example 110. S11-4-8

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.29 (m, 5H),7.27-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.85-3.67 (m,2H), 3.00-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.60 (m,1H), 1.49-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 446.46 (M−H).

Example 111. S11-4-9

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.30 (m, 5H),7.28-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 3.00-2.92 (m,2H), 2.81-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.20 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z 446.47(M−H).

Example 112. Compound 304 Synthesis of S11-5-1

To a solution of lithium diisopropylamide (1.8 M in hexanes, 73 μL,0.132 mmol, 2.4 eq) and TMEDA (41 μL, 0.275 mmol, 6 eq) in THF (2 mL) at−78° C. was added a solution of compound S11-4-1 (29 mg, 0.065 mmol, 1.1eq) in THF (400 μL) by dropwise addition. This resulted in a dark redcolored solution. After 10 min, a solution of enone S7-1 (27 mg, 0.055mmol, 1 eq) in THF (400 μL) was added. After complete addition, thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to −20° C. over 1 h. The reactionwas quenched by the addition of ammonium chloride (saturated, aqueoussolution, 800 μL) and was extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combinedorganic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification of the resulting oil via flashcolumn chromatography on silica gel (Biotage, 10 g, 5 to 40% EtOAc inhexanes gradient) provided 25 mg of S11-5-1 (55%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.51-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.29 (m, 6H), 5.35(s, 2H), 4.90-4.75 (m, 2H), 3.96 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.42 (m, 2H),3.26-3.16 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.62-2.40 (m, 10H), 2.14 (d,J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 0.97-0.92 (3H), 0.89-0.77 (m, 10H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.12(s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 820.71 (M−H).

Synthesis of Compound 304

To a solution of S11-5-1 (25 mg, 0.030 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL)was added an aqueous solution of HF (50%, 300 μL). After 15.5 h, thereaction mixture was poured into an aqueous K₂HPO₄ solution (3.6 g in 30mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers weredried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Palladium on carbon (10%, 16 mg) was added to a solution of this crudeoil in dioxane:MeOH (1:1, 1 mL). The flask was fitted with a septum andevacuated and back-filled three times with hydrogen gas. The reactionwas stirred under an atmosphere (balloon) of hydrogen gas for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was filtered through Celite to remove the palladiumcatalyst and concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative reversephase HPLC of the resulting oil was performed on a WatersAutopurification system using a Polymerx 10μ RP-γ 100 R column [30×21.20mm, 10 micron, solvent A: 0.05 N HCl in water, solvent B: Methanol;injection volume: 1.5 mL (0.05 N HCl in water); gradient: 30→70% B over15 min; mass-directed fraction collection]. Fractions with the desiredMW, eluting at 6.0-8.3 min, were collected and freeze-dried to provide8.4 mg of the desired compound Compound 304 (45%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 4.73-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.93-3.81(m, 1H), 3.43-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.24-2.88 (m, 13H), 2.36-2.18 (m, 2H),1.97-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.07 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI)m/z 530.34 (M−H).

The following compounds of Formula IV were prepared according to themethods of Compound 304, using the appropriate N-substituted phenyl5-(benzyloxy)-8-fluoro-7-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylateintermediate in place of S11-4-1

Example 113. Compound 307

Prepared from S11-4-2: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.74-4.62 (m, 1H),4.37-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.92-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.34 (m, 4H),3.23-2.92 (m, 10H), 2.38-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.58 (m,1H), 1.48 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 516.31 (M−H).

Example 114. Compound 306

Prepared from S11-4-3: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.72-4.61 (m, 1H),4.40-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 3.93-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.30 (m, 1H),3.24-2.92 (m, 13H), 2.37-2.26 (m, 3H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.10 (t, J=6.7Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 544.36 (M−H).

Example 115. Compound 306

Prepared from S11-4-4: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.71-4.61 (m, 1H),4.51-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.91-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.49 (m, 1H),3.27-2.92 (m, 12H), 2.38-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.19 (s, 9H);MS (ESI) m/z 558.35 (M−H).

Example 116. Compound 300

Prepared from S11-4-5: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.57-4.39 (m, 2H), 4.09(s, 1H), 3.88-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.24-2.92 (m, 11H),2.37-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.48 (d, 5.9 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z530.32 (M−H).

Example 117. Compound 301

Prepared from S11-4-6: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.51-4.41 (m, 2H), 4.09(s, 1H), 3.84-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.39 (m, 1H),3.24-2.89 (m, 11H), 2.36-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.57 (m,2H), 1.48-1.41 (m, 3H), 1.09 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 544.36(M−H).

Example 118. Compound 305

Prepared from S11-4-7: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.56-4.41 (m, 2H), 4.08(s, 1H), 3.84-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.39 (m, 1H),3.24-2.89 (m, 11H), 2.36-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.04-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.57 (m,2H), 1.48-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.09 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 544.36(M−H).

Example 119. Compound 302

Prepared from S11-4-8: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.56-4.41 (m, 2H), 4.08(s, 1H), 3.84-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.39 (m, 1H),3.24-2.92 (m, 11H), 2.36-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.04-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.54 (m,2H), 1.48-1.40 (m, 3H), 1.10 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), MS (ESI) m/z 544.43(M−H).

Example 120. Compound 308

Prepared from S11-4-9: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.61-4.37 (m, 2H),4.07-3.99 (m, 2H), 3.27-2.91 (m, 12H), 2.37-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.49 (m,10H); MS (ESI) m/z 544.3 (M−H).

Example 121. Compound 400 Synthesis of S12-1

To a solution of compound S1-7 (10 g, 22.60 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH wasadded trimethylorthoformate (4.8 g, 45.20 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and TsOH.H₂O(0.13 g, 0.68 mmol, 0.03 equiv) at rt. The reaction mixture was heatedto reflux overnight and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas diluted with H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer wasdried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness. The crude productwas purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleumether:EtOAc from 100:1 to 30:1) to afford compound S12-1 as a lightyellow solid (10 g, 91%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.45 (m, 2H),7.25-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.16-7.21 (m, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.71 (s,1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 3.46 (s, 6H), 2.29 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 3H).

Synthesis of S12-2

To bromide S12-1 (500 mg, 1.02 mmol, 1 eq) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxanl (5mL) was added benzylamine (0.165 mL, 1.50 mmol, 1.5 eq), cesiumcarbonate (0.585 g, 1.80 mmol, 1.8 eq), XantPhos (70 mg, 0.12 mmol, 0.12eq), and Pd₂(dba)₃ (20 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.02 eq). The mixture was sealed,degassed by bubbling dry nitrogen through for 5 min with gentlestirring, and heated at 160° C. in a Biotage microwave reactor for 25min, and cooled to room temperature. LC/MS analysis indicated completeconsumption of the starting material and the appearance of the desiredsecondary amine S12-2 as the major product.

A total of 2.45 g of bromide S12-1 was processed in 500 mg batches perthe above procedure. The reaction mixtures were combined, diluted withsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), and extracted with EtOAc(200 mL×1, 50 mL×2). The EtOAc extracts were combined, dried over sodiumsulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash columnchromatography on silica gel using 0% to 10% EtOAc/hexane yielded thedesired product S12-2 as an orange oil (1.68 g, 65%): R_(f) 0.70 (20%EtOAc/hexane); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20-7.45 (m, 13H), 7.05 (d.J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 5.24 (br t, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H),4.43 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 6H), 2.26 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 516.3(M+H), calcd for C₃₁H₃₁FNO₅ 516.2.

Synthesis of S12-3

To secondary amine S12-1 (1.47 g, 2.85 mmol, 1 eq) in anhydrous DMF (6mL) was added NaH (250 mg, 60% in mineral oil, 6.30 mmol, 2.2 eq). Theyellow suspension was stirred at rt for 30 min. NaI (43 mg, 0.28 mmol,0.1 eq) and benzyl bromide (0.82 mL, 6.90 mmol, 2.4 eq) were added. Thereaction (deep-orange) was stirred at rt for 24 h, diluted with EtOAc(100 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL×2)and brine (50 mL×1), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated inunder reduced pressure. Flash column chromatography on silica gel using0% to 10% EtOAc/hexane yielded the desired tertiary amine S12-3 as apale oil (1.16 g, 67%): R_(f) 0.33 (10% EtOAc/hexane); ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.20-7.40 (m, 18H), 6.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.72 (s, 1H), 4.68(s, 2H), 4.20-4.40 (br m, 4H), 3.32 (s, 6H), 2.34 (s, 3H), MS (ESI) m/z606.3 (M+H), calcd for C₃₈H₃₇FNO₅ 606.3. The compound was contaminatedwith the corresponding benzyl ester (instead of phenyl ester), which wasnot removed prior to the next step.

Synthesis of S12-4

The diisopropylamine (0.30 mL, 2.12 mmol, 1.1 eq) in anhydrous THF (10mL) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (1.33 mL, 1.6 M/hexane, 2.12 mmol, 1.1eq) dropwise. The pale solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min andcooled to −78° C. TMEDA (0.35 mL, 2.33 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added, followedby the addition of compound S12-3 (1.16 g, 1.92 mmol, 1 eq, in 30 mLTHF) dropwise over a period of 5 min. The deep-red solution was stirredat −78° C. for 30 min. LHMDS (2.12 mL, 1.0 M/THF, 1.1 eq) was added,followed by the addition of enone S7-1 (0.96 g, 1.92 mmol, in 10 mL THF)dropwise over a period of 2 min. The resulting yellow solution wasslowly warm up to 0° C. over a period of 3 h, diluted with EtOAc (200mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL). The EtOAc layerwas collected. The aqueous layer was extracted with more EtOAc (50mL×2). The combined EtOAc solution was dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated in under reduced pressure. Flash column chromatography onsilica gel using 0% to 15% EtOAc/hexane yielded the desired product as ayellow solid (0.77 g, 40): R_(f) 0.50 (20/o EtOAc/hexane); ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 15.82 (s, 1 H), 7.00-7.50 (m, 20H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.38 (s,2H), 5.04 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.00-4.40 (m,4H), 3.95 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.30 (m, 3H), 3.13 (s,3H), 2.95-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.50 (s, 6H), 2.15-2.20 (m,1H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.30 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 994.5 (M+H),calcd for C₅₈H₆₅FN₃O₉Si 994.6.

0.52 g of compound S12-3 was also recovered.

Synthesis of S12-5

To compound S12-4 (0.77 g, 0.78 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (10 mL) was added 3 NHCl/water (2 mL, final [HCl]=0.5 M). The deep yellow solution wasstirred at rt for 2 h, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed withsaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL×2) and brine (50 mL×1),dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in under reduced pressure toyield the crude product as a deep-orange solid (0.72 g, 97%): MS (ESI)m/z 948.4 (M+H), calcd for C₅₆H₅₉FN₃O₈Si 948.4.

Synthesis of S2-7-1

To aldehyde S12-5 (95 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL)was added glycine benzyl ester (50 mg, TsOH salt, 0.15 mmol, 1.5 eq),triethylamine (0.022 mL, 0.16 mmol, 1.6 eq), HOAc (0.024 mL, 0.42 mmol,4 eq), and Na(OAc)₃BH (32 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.5 eq). The deep-red solutionbecame yellow and was stirred at rt for 1 h. Isobutyraldehyde (0.032 mL,0.35 mmol, 3.5 eq) and Na(OAc)₃BH (82 mg, 0.40 mmol, 4 eq) were added.The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL),washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL×1) and brine (10mL×1), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in under reducedpressure to yield the crude product (S12-7-1) as a yellow residue: MS(ESI) m/z 1153.5 (M+H), calcd for C₆₉H₇₈FN₄O₉Si 1153.6.

Synthesis of S12-8-1

Crude compound S12-7-1 was dissolved in THF (1.5 mL) and added with 50%HF/water (0.5 mL). The yellow solution was stirred at rt for 2 h andadded into K₂HPO₄/water (5 g in 20 mL water) with stirring. The mixturewas extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×3). The EtOAc extracts were combined,dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in under reduced pressure toyield the crude product as a yellow residue: MS (ESI) m/z 1039.5 (M+H),calcd for C₆₃H₆₃FN₄O₉ 1038.5.

The above crude product (0.10 mmol, 1 eq) was dissolved in methanol (3mL) and 1,4-dioxane (1 mL). 10% Pd—C (21 mg, 0.01 mmol, 0.1 eq) and 0.5N HCl/methanol (1 mL) were added. The mixture was purged with hydrogenand stirred under 1 atm hydrogen at rt for 1 h. The catalyst wasfiltered off with a small Celite pad and washed with methanol (2 mL×3).The yellow methanol solution was concentrated in under reduced pressureto afford the crude product, which was purified with HPLC to yield thedesired product S12-8-1) as a yellow solid (26 mg, HCl salt, 37%overall): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 4.02 (s,2H), 2.90-3.50 (m, 8H), 2.10-2.30 (m, 3H), 1.55-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.00 (d,J=6.1 Hz, 6H): MS (ESI) m/z 591.4 (M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₆FN₄O₉ 591.3.

Synthesis of Compound 400

The above amino acid S12-8-1 (20 mg, HCl salt, 0.029 mmol, 1 eq) wasdissolved in anhydrous DMF (5 mL). DIEA (0.0067 mL, 0.039 mmol, 1.3 eq)and DCC (12 mg, 0.058 mmol, 2 eq) were added. The reaction was stirredat rt for 24 h. 0.5 N HCl/methanol (0.5 mL) was added. The reactionmixture was added dropwise into ether (500 mL) with vigorous stirring.The yellow precipitates were collected onto a small Celite pad, washedwith more ether (10 mL×3), and eluted with methanol (10 mL×3). Theyellow methanol solution was concentrated in under reduced pressure toafford the crude product, which was purified by HPLC to yield thedesired product Compound 400 as an orange solid (8 mg, 43%): ¹H NMR (400MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.86 (br s, 2H), 2.90-3.50 (m,8H), 2.37 (t, J=14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.15-2.30 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.08(d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 573.5 (M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₄FN₄O₈573.2.

The following compounds were prepared similarly to Compound 400 usingthe appropriate intermediate S12-6 or S12-7.

Example 122. Compound 426

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.43 (s, 2H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 3.80 (s, 2H),2.90-3.40 (m, 9H), 2.31-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.72 (m,1H); MS (ESI) m/z 517.4 (M+H), calcd for C₂₄H₂₆FN₄O₈ 517.2.

Example 123. Compound 416

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.53 (br s, 2H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.87 (br, s,2H), 2.90-3.30 (m, 12H), 2.32-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.72(m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 531.3 (M+H), calcd for C₂₅H₂₈FN₄O₈ 531.2.

Example 124. Compound 403

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.65 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.05-4.15 (m, 2H),3.80 (dd, J=4.3, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.90-3.30 (m, 9H), 2.32-2.42 (m, 1H),2.23-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.45 (m,1H), 0.92 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 573.4(M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₄FN₄O₈ 573.2.

Example 125. Compound 411

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.22 (br s, 1H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.96 (br s,1H), 2.95-3.45 (m, 12H), 2.35-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.30 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.72(m, 1H), 1.52-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.50 (m, 1H), 0.93 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H),0.85 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 587.5 (M+H), calcd for C₂₉H₃₆FN₄O₈587.2.

Example 126. Compound 419

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.66 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 4.09(d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (dd, J=4.3, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.85-3.30 (m, 9H),2.30-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.70 (m,2H), 1.37-1.46 (m, 1H), 0.91 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z 573.3 (M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₄FN₄O₈ 573.2.

Example 127. Compound 428

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.20 (br s, 1H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.85 (br s,1H), 2.95-3.30 (m, 12H), 2.35-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.30 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.72(m, 1H), 1.52-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.43-1.51 (m, 1H), 0.93 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H),0.85 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 587.3 (M+H), calcd for C₂₉H₃₆FN₄O₈587.2.

Example 128. Compound 410

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.58 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d. J=14.4 Hz,1H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H),3.17-2.99 (m, 10H), 2.43-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.89 (m,6H), 1.69-1.65 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 571.1 (M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₂FN₄O₈571.2.

Example 129. Compound 418

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.55 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=14.4 Hz,1H), 4.14 (s, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H),3.13-2.98 (m, 10H), 2.43-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.90 (m,6H), 1.72-1.61 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 571.1 (M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₂FN₄O₈571.2.

Example 130. Compound 401

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.13 (s, 1H), 3.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),3.22-2.99 (m, 13H), 2.41-2.15 (m, 3H), 1.68-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.06 (d, J=6.4Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 573.0 (M+H), calcd forC₂₈H₃₄FN₄O₈ 573.2.

Example 131. Compound 402

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 3.21-2.86 (m,13H), 2.42-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s,6H); MS (ESI) m/z 559.1 (M+H), calcd for C₂₇H₃₂FN₄O₈ 559.2.

Example 132. Compound 422

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.64-4.63 (m, 2H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 3.21-2.98 (m,12H), 2.40-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.29(m, 4H); MS (ESI) m/z 557.0 (M+H), calcd for C₂₇H₃₀FN₄O₈ 557.2.

Example 133. Compound 425

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.57 (s, 2H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.06-2.98 (m,12H), 2.43-2.25 (m, 3H), 1.84-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.32-1.29 (m, 2H); MS (ESI)m/z 585.1 (M+H), calcd for C₂₉H₃₄FN₄O₈ 585.2.

Example 134. Compound 407

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.12 (s, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),3.35-2.84 (m, 14H), 2.40-2.33 (m, 3H), 1.71-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.07-1.06 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 573.0 (M+H), calcdfor C₂₈H₃₄FN₄O₈ 573.2.

Example 135. Compound 413

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.85 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.24-2.91(m, 14H), 2.40-2.16 (m, 3H), 1.70-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.07-1.06 (m, 1H),0.98-0.83 (m, 6H); MS (ESI) m/z 587.1 (M+H), calcd for C₂₉H₃₆FN₄O₈581.2.

Example 136. Compound 424

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.26-7.25 (m, 5H), 4.23-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.09 (s,1H), 3.53 (t, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.14-2.97 (m, 14H), 2.39-2.23 (m, 2H),1.67-1.60 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 621.0 (M+H), calcd for C₃₂H₃₄FN₄O₈621.2.

Example 137. Compound 421

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 2H),3.04-2.87 (m, 9H), 2.60-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.49 (s, 9H);MS (ESI) m/z 573.2 (M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₄FN₄O₈ 573.2.

Example 138. Compound 415

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.36-3.25 (m, 5H), 3.05-2.97 (m,9H), 2.48-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.48 (d,J=6.0 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/n 545.0 (M+H), calcd for C₂₆H₃₀FN₄O₈ 545.2.

Example 139. Compound 406

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.12 (s, 1H), 3.25-2.86 (m, 14H), 2.43-2.25(m, 2H), 1.71-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.49 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 545.0(M+H), calcd for C₂₆H₃₀FN₄O₈ 545.2.

Example 140. Compound 423

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.11 (s, 3H), 3.90 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),3.25-2.97 (m, 14H), 2.41-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.61 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z561.4 (M+H), calcd for C₂₆H₃₀FN₄O₉ 561.2.

Example 141. Compound 420

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.85 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H),3.19-2.95 (m, 12H), 2.39-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.52 (m,4H), 1.51-1.28 (m, 1H), 1.16-1.14 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.95 (m, 6H); MS (ESI)m/z 587.3 (M+H), calcd for C₂₉H₃₆FN₄O₈ 587.2.

Example 142. Compound 409

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.26-7.25 (m, 5H), 4.17-4.11 (m, 3H), 3.53 (t,J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.15-2.97 (m, 14H), 2.38-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.63 (m,1H); MS (ESI) m/z 621.0 (M+H), calcd for C₃₂H₃₄FN₄O₈ 621.2.

Example 143. Compound 405

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.51 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=12.8 Hz,1H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.84 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.21-2.81 (m, 11H),2.37-2.33 (m, 4H), 2.06-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.64 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z557.3 (M+H), calcd for C₂₇H₃₀FN₄O₈ 557.2.

Example 144. Compound 412

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.48-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.18 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H),4.12 (s, 1H), 3.86-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.24-2.97 (m, 9H),2.81-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.24 (m, 3H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m, 1H);MS (ESI) m/z 557.0 (M+H), calcd for C₂₇H₃₀FN₄O₈ 557.2.

Example 145. Compound 404

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 5.52, 5.40 (m, 1H Total), 4.63 (d, J=14.0 Hz,1H), 4.52 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (s, 1H), 4.06-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.81(m, 1H), 3.04-2.96 (m, 10H), 2.60-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.26 (m, 3H),1.69-1.59 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 575.1 (M+H), calcd for C₂₇H₂₉F₂N₄O₈575.2.

Example 146. Compound 414

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.72-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.28-4.17 (m, 1H), 4.12 (s,1H), 3.75-3.67 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.28-2.94 (m, 10H), 2.42-2.33(m, 1H), 2.31-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.60 (m, 1H),1.39-1.34 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z 573.1 (M+H), calcd for C₂₇H₃₀F₂N₄O₉573.2.

Example 147. Compound 417

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.72-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.21 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H),4.13 (s, 1H), 3.72 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.27-2.94 (m,10H), 2.40-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.60 (m, 1H); MS (ESI)m/z 573.0 (M+H), calcd for C₂₇H₃₀F₂N₄O₉ 573.2.

Example 148. Compound 427 Synthesis of S13-1

To a 250 mL round bottom flask was added compound S1-4 (14.47 g, 56.30mmol, 1.0 equiv, crude), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.90 g, 2.80 mmol,0.05 equiv), 1,2-dichloroethane (60 mL), and water (60 mL). The clearbi-layer was cooled in a 20° C. water bath. Nitric acid (7.2 mL, 70 wt%, 112.60 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added. After the addition, the reactiontemperature slowly rose to 26° C. The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature overnight (19 hrs). TLC (heptane/EtOAc=9.5/0.5) showed thereaction was complete. The organic layer was separated, washed withwater (60 mL×2) and brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Thesolvent was removed to give compound S13-1 as a brown oil, whichsolidified on standing (17.71 g, quantitative). The crude product wasused directly for the next step.

Synthesis of S13-2

To a 250 mL round bottom flask was added compound S13-1 (17.7 g, 56.30mmol 1.0 equiv), acetone (177 mL), anhydrous potassium carbonate (15.6g, 113.00 mmol, 2.0 equiv), and potassium iodide (0.47 g, 2.80 mmol,0.05 equiv). To the stirred suspension at room temperature was addedbenzyl bromide (7.03 mL, 59.10 mmol, 1.05 equiv). The suspension wasthen heated to 56° C. for 4 hrs. TLC (heptane/EtOAc=9/1) showed thereaction was complete. The solid was removed by filtration and washedwith acetone (30 mL). The filtrated was concentrated to give a paste.The paste was partitioned between methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE, 120 mL)and water (80 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (80 mL) andbrine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated to givecompound S13-2 as a brown oil (21.09 g, 98%). The crude product was useddirectly for the next step.

Synthesis of S13-3

To a 1 L round bottom flask was added compound S13-2 (21.08 g, 55.40mmol, 1.0 equiv) and THF (230 mL). The solution was cooled in a coldwater bath to 10° C. To another 500 mL round bottom flask containingwater (230 mL), sodium hydrosulfite (Na₂S₂O₄, 56.7 g, 276.80 mmol, 5.0equiv) was added slowly with stirring. The aqueous solution of sodiumhydrosulfite was added to the THF solution of compound S13-2. Thetemperature quickly rose from 10° C. to 20.4° C. after the addition. Theyellow suspension was stirred while the cold water bath slowly warmed upto room temperature overnight to give an orange cloudy solution. Thereaction temperature during this period was between 15° C. to 19° C. TLC(heptane/EtOAc=9/1) showed the reaction was complete. The orange cloudysolution was diluted with EtOAc (460 mL). The organic layer was washedwith water (150 mL×2) and brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product as abrown oil. The crude product was purified by flash silica gel columneluted with heptane/EtOAc 9/1 to yield the desired product 513-3 (15.83g, 80%, 3 steps).

Synthesis of S13-4

To compound S13-3 5.50 g, 16.65 mmol, 1 eq in DMF (30 mL) was addedBoc₂O (8.54 g, 39.13 mmol, 2.5 eq), DIEA (8.18 mL, 46.96 mmol, 3 eq),and DMAP (102 mg, 0.84 mmol, 0.05 eq). The reaction solution was stirredat rt for overnight, diluted with ethyl acetate (300 mL), washed withwater (500 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) and brine(100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reducedpressure. Flash column chromatography on silica gel (0%→5% ethylacetate/hexanes) yielded the desired product S13-4 as a white solid(6.12 g, 71%): R_(f) 0.80 (20% ethyl acetate/hexanes); MS (electrospray)m/z 574.3 (M+Na), calcd for C₃₁H₃₄FNNaO₇ 574.2.

Synthesis of S13-5

To diisopropylamine (1.70 mL, 12.00 mmol, 1.2 eq) in THF (10 mL) at −78°C. was added nBuLi (4.80 mL, 2.5 M/hexane, 12.00 mmol, 1.2 eq) dropwise.The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min and re-cooled to −78° C.Compound S13-4 (5.52 g, 10.00 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (10 mL) was addeddropwise over a period of 5 min. The resulting deep orange solution wasstirred at −78° C. for 30 min. Anhydrous DMF (0.98 mL, 12.50 mmol, 1.25eq) was added dropwise. The resulting light yellow solution was stirredat −78° C. for 30 min. Acetic acid (0.90 mL) was added at −78° C. Thereaction was warmed to rt, diluted with saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate (100 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL×3). Theorganic extracts were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Flash column chromatography withethyl acetate/hexanes (0%→10%) yielded the desired product S13-5 as anorange foam (2.04 g, 43%): R_(f) 0.45 (20% ethyl acetate/hexane); MS(electrospray) m/z 534.3 (M+CH₃OH+Na), calcd for C₂₈H₃₀FNNaO₇ 534.2.

Synthesis of S13-6-1

To compound S13-5 (1.00 g, 2.08 mmol, 1 eq) in 1,2-dichloroethane (10mL) was added (R)-(−)-leucinol (0.27 g, 2.30 mmol, 1.1 eq), acetic acid(0.30 mL, 5.24 mmol, 2.5 eq), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.66 g,3.11 mmol, 1.5 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h,diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product as ayellow solid (quantitative): R_(f) 0.55 (ethyl acetate); MS(electrospray) m/z 581.1 (M+H), calcd for C₃₃H₄₂FN₂O₆ 581.3.

Synthesis of S13-7-1

To compound S13-6-1 (0.52 g, 0.90 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) wasadded sodium bicarbonate (0.16 g, 1.95 mmol, 2.2 eq), allyl bromide(0.15 mL, 1.80 mmol, 2.0 eq), and tetrabutylammonium iodide (33 mg, 0.09mmol, 0.1 eq). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for 24 h,cooled to rt, diluted with water (100 mL), and extracted with ethylacetate (100 mL×1, 50 mL×2). The ethyl acetate extracts were combined,dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure.Flash column chromatography on silica gel (0%→60% ethyl acetate/hexanes)yielded the desired product S13-7-1 as a white solid (0.37 g, 66%):R_(f) 0.60 (30% ethyl acetate/hexane); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.25-7.35 (m, 8H), 7.06 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.70-5.81 (m, 1H), 5.18 (d,J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.85(d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.45-3.80 (m, 4H), 3.10-3.28 (m, 1H), 2.99 (dd,J=8.0, 14.0 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.33 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 3H), 1.43 (s,9H), 1.35-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.05-1.15 (m, 1H), 0.90 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.87(d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (electrospray) m/z 621.5 (M+H), calcd forC₃₆H₄₆FN₂O₆ 621.3.

Synthesis of S13-8-1

To compound S13-7-1 (0.35 g, 0.56 mmol, 1 eq) in methylene chloride (10mL) was added triethylamine (0.16 mL, 1.15 mmol, 2 eq), DMAP (14 mg,0.11 mmol, 0.2 eq), and methanesulfonyl chloride (65 μL, 0.84 mmol, 1.5eq). The reaction solution was stirred at rt for 1 h, diluted with ethylacetate (100 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (50mL×2) and brine (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Flash column chromatography on silica gel(0%→0.60 (20% ethyl acetate/hexane); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.97,7.83 (br s, 1H, combined), 7.20-7.50 (m, 8H), 7.05 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H),5.90-6.08 (m, 1H), 5.19-5.20 (m, 2H), 4.92-5.03 (m, 2H), 3.94-4.02,3.45-3.75, 3.15-3.30, 3.00-3.10, 2.55-2.80 (m, 7H combined), 2.33 (d,J=1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.30-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 0.80-0.92 (m, 6H); MS(electrospray) m/z 639.2 (M+H), calcd for C₃₆H₄₅ClFN₂O₅ 639.3.

Synthesis of S13-9-1

To compound S13-8-1 (0.22 g, 0.34 mmol, 1 eq) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL)was added tetrabutylammonium iodide (25 mg, 0.068 mmol, 0.2 eq) andsodium hydride (27 mg, 60% in mineral oil, 0.68 mmol, 2 eq). Thereaction mixture was stirred at rt for 5 h, diluted with ethyl acetate(200 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL),water (200 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Flash column chromatography onsilica gel (0%→8% ethyl acetate/hexanes) yielded the desired productS13-9-1 as a colorless oil (85 mg, 42%): R_(f) 0.75 (15% ethylacetate/hexane); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) mixture of tautomers, complex;MS (electrospray) m/z 603.5 (M+H), calcd for C₃₆H₄₄FN₂O₅ 603.3.

Synthesis of S13-10-1

To diisopropylamine (44 μL, 0.31 mmol, 2.2 eq) in anhydrous THF (1 mL)at −78° C. was added nBuLi (0.20 mL, 1.6 M/hexanes, 0.32 mmol, 2.2 eq)dropwise. The reaction solution was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min andre-cooled to −78° C. TMEDA (53 μL, 0.35 mmol, 2.5 eq) was added,followed by dropwise addition of compound S13-9-1 (85 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1eq) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) over a period of 3 min. The resulting deepred solution was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min. Enone S7-1 (68 mg, 0.14mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting lightbrown solution was gradually warmed up with stirring from −78° C. to−20° C. over a period of 1 h. Acetic acid (0.1 mL) was added. Thereaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over sodiumsulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash columnchromatography on silica gel (0%→20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) yielded thedesired product S13-10-1 as a yellow oil (103 mg, 74%): R_(f) 0.20 (10%ethyl acetate/hexane); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) mixture of tautomers,complex; MS (electrospray) m/z 991.8 (M+H), calcd for C₅₆H₇₂FN₄O₉Si991.5.

Synthesis of Compound 427

To compound S13-10-1 (21 mg, 0.021 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added 48%aqueous HF (1 mL). After stirring at rt for overnight, the yellowreaction solution was slowly added to 25% aqueous K₂HPO₄ (40 mL) withrapid stirring. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL×3).The organic extracts were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product as ayellow residue: MS (electrospray) m/z 777.6 (M+H), calcd forC₅₆H₇₂FN₄O₉Si 777.4.

To the above intermediate in methanol (3 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) wasadded 0.5 M HCl/methanol (1 mL) and 10% Pd—C (9 mg, 0.004 mmol, 0.2 eq).The mixture was purged with hydrogen and stirred under 1 atm hydrogenatmosphere at rt for 2 h. The catalyst was filtered off with a smallCelite pad and washed with methanol (1 mL×3). The filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative HPLC purificationyielded the desired product Compound 427 as a bright yellow solid (4.1mg, 33% overall): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.83 (s, 1H), 4.66 (s, 1H),4.08 (s, 1H), 2.80-3.70 (m, 15H), 2.05-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.90 (m, 3H),1.45-1.75 (m, 1H), 0.97-1.10 (m, 9H); MS (electrospray) m/z 601.5 (M+H),calcd for C₃₁H₄₂FN₄O₇ 601.3.

Example 149. Compound 408 Synthesis of S13-12-2-1

To compound S13-10-1 (80 mg, 0.081 mmol, 1 eq) in methylene chloride (2mL) was added N,N-dimethylbarbituric acid (31 mg, 0.25 mmol, 3 eq) andPd(PPh₃)₄ (4.7 mg, 0.004 mmol, 0.05 eq). The reaction mixture wasdegassed by bubbling nitrogen through for 2 min and heated at 40° C.with stirring for 24 h. Stirring was continued at rt for another 24 h.Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) was added. The mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL×3). The organic extracts werecombined, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reducedpressure to yield the crude product as a yellow solid: MS (electrospray)m/z 951.8 (M+H), calcd for C₅₃H₆₈FN₄O₉Si 951.5.

Synthesis of Compound 408

Prepared from compound S13-12-1 (0.027 mmol) using similar proceduresfor Compound 427 (orange solid, 4.6 mg, 30% overall): ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 4.56 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (s, 1H),3.75 (dd, J=3.6, 15.3 Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.68 (m, 1H), 2.85-3.15 (m, 11H),2.15-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.03 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (d,J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (electrospray) m/z 559.5 (M+H), calcd for C₂₈H₃₆FN₄O₇559.3.

Example 150. Compound 429

To compound S13-12-1 (0.054 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) was addedacetic acid (10 μL, 0.17 mmol, 3 eq), formaldehyde (8 μL, 36.5% aqueoussolution, 0.11 mmol, 2 eq), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (27 mg,0.13 mmol, 2.5 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 4 h.Additional formaldehyde (8 μL, 36.5% aqueous solution, 0.11 mmol, 2 eq)and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (10 mg, 0.048 mmol, 0.9 eq) were added.The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for another 20 min. Saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) was added. The mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate (20 mL×3). The organic extracts were combined, driedover sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yieldthe crude product as a yellow solid: MS (electrospray) m/z 965.4 (M+H),calcd for C₅₄H₇₀FN₄O₉Si 965.5.

The above intermediate was then deprotected using similar procedures forCompound 427 to give the desired product Compound 429 as an orange solid(5.6 mg, 15% overall): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.55-5.00 (m, 2H), 4.09(s, 1H), 3.45-3.85 (m, 4H), 2.85-3.20 (m, 12H), 2.05-2.30 (m, 2H),1.50-1.85 (m, 3H), 1.00-1.10 (m, 6H); MS (electrospray) m/z 573.5 (M+H),calcd for C₂₉H₃₈FN₄O₇ 573.3.

Example 151. Antibacterial Activity

The antibacterial activities for the compounds of the invention werestudied according to the following protocols.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Assay

MICs were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory StandardsInstitute (CLSI) guidances (e.g., CLSI. Performance standards forantimicrobial susceptibility testing; nineteenth information supplement.CLSI document M100-S19, CLSI, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne,Pa. 19087-1898, USA, 2009). Briefly, frozen bacterial strains werethawed and subcultured onto Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) or otherappropriate media (Streptococcus requires blood and Haemophilus requireshemin and NAD). Following incubation overnight, the strains weresubcultured onto Mueller Hinton Agar and again incubated overnight.Colonies were observed for appropriate colony morphology and lack ofcontamination. Isolated colonies were selected to prepare a startinginoculum equivalent to a 0.5 McFarland standard. The starting inoculumwas diluted 1:125 (this is the working inoculum) using MHB for furtheruse. Test compounds were prepared by dilution in sterile water to afinal concentration of 5.128 mg/mL. Antibiotics (stored frozen, thawedand used within 3 hours of thawing) and compounds were further dilutedto the desired working concentrations.

The assays were run as follows. Fifty μL of MHB was added to wells 2-12of a 96-well plate. One hundred μL of appropriately diluted antibioticswas added to well 1. Fifty μL of antibiotics was removed from well 1 andadded to well 2 and the contents of well 2 mixed by pipetting up anddown five times. Fifty μL of the mixture in well 2 was removed and addedto well 3 and mixed as above. Serial dilutions were continued in thesame manner through well 12. Fifty μL was removed from well 12 so thatall contained 50 μL. Fifty μL of the working inoculum was then added toall test wells. A growth control well was prepared by adding 50 μL ofworking inoculum and 50 μL of MHB to an empty well. The plates were thenincubated at 37° C. overnight, removed from the incubator and each wellwas read on a plate reading mirror. The lowest concentration (MIC) oftest compound that inhibited the growth of the bacteria was recorded.

Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [Abt] 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.06 0.030.015 Growth − − − − − + + + + + + + [abt] = antibiotic concentration inthe well in μg/ml Growth = bacterial growth (cloudiness) Interpretation:MIC = 2 μg/mL

Protocol for Determining Inoculum Concentration (Viable Count)

Fifty 50 μl of the inoculum was pipetted into well 1. Ninety μl ofsterile 0.9% NaCl was pipetted into wells 2-6 of a 96-well microtiterplate. Ten μL from was removed from well 1 and added it to well 2followed by mixing. Ten μL was removed from well two and mixed with thecontents of well 3 and so on creating serial dilutions through well 6.Ten μL was removed from each well and spotted onto an appropriate agarplate. The plate was placed into an incubator overnight. The colonies inspots that contain distinct colonies were counted. Viable count wascalculated by multiplying the number of colonies by the dilution factor.

Spot from Well 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dilution 10² 10³ 10⁴ 10⁵ 10⁶ 10⁷ Factor

Bacterial Strains

The following bacterial strains, listed below, were examined in minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) assays.

STRAIN ORGANISM DESIGNATION KEY PROPERTIES Staphylococcus aureus SA100ATCC 13709, MSSA, Smith strain Staphylococcus aureus SA101 ATCC 29213,CLSI quality control strain, MSSA Staphylococcus aureus SA191 HA-MRSA,tetracycline-resistant, lung infection model isolate Staphylococcusaureus SA161 HA-MRSA, tetracycline-resistant, tet(M) Staphylococcusaureus SA158 Tetracycline-resistant tet(K) aaaureusaureus Staphylococcusepidermidis SE164 ATCC 12228, CLSI quality control strain,tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis EF103 ATCC 29212, tet-I/R,control strain Enterococcus faecalis EF159 Tetracycline-resistant,tet(M) Streptococcus pneumoniae SP106 ATCC 49619, CLSI quality controlstrain Streptococcus pneumoniae SP160 Tetracycline-resistant, tet(M)Streptococcus pyogenes SP312 2009 clinical isolate, tet(M) Streptococcuspyogenes SP193 S. pyogenes for efficacy models; tetS; sensitive tosulfonamides Haemophilus influenzae HI262 Tetracycline-resistant,ampicillin- resistant Moraxella catarrhalis MC205 ATCC 8176, CLSIquality control strain Escherichia coli EC107 ATCC 25922, CLSI qualitycontrol strain Escherichia coli EC155 Tetracycline-resistant, tet(A)Enterobacter cloacae EC108 ATCC 13047, wt Klebsiella pneumoniae KP109ATCC 13883, wt Klebsiella pneumoniae KP153 Tetracycline-resistant,tet(A), MDR, ESBL⁺ Klebsiella pneumoniae KP457 2009 ESBL⁺, CTX-M, OXAProteus mirabilis PM112 ATCC 35659 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA111 ATCC27853, wt, control strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA169 Wt, parent ofPA170-173 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA173 PA170 ΔmexX; MexXY-(missing afunctional efflux pump) Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA555 ATCC BAA-47, wildtype strain PAO1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA556 Multiple-Mex efflux pumpknockout strain Acinetobacter baumannii AB110 ATCC 19606, wtAcinetobacter baumannii AB250 Cystic fibrosis isolate, MDRStenotrophomonas maltophilia SM256 Cystic fibrosis isolate, MDRBurkholderia cenocepacia BC240 Cystic fibrosis isolate, MDR *MDR,multidrug-resistant; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MSSA,methicillin-sensitive S. aureus; HA-MRSA, hospital-associated MRSA;tet(K), major gram-positive tetracycline efflux mechanism; tet(M), majorgram-positive tetracycline ribosome-protection mechanism; ESBL⁺,extended spectrum β-lactamase

Results

Values of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for the compounds ofthe invention are provided in Tables 5-7.

TABLE 5 MIC Values for Compounds of the Invention Compared toSancycline, Minocycline and Tigecycline. A = lower than or equal tolowest MIC among three control compounds; B = greater than lowest MICamong three control compounds, but lower than highest MIC among threecontrol compounds; C = greater than MIC of all three control compounds.Cmpd SA101 SA100 SA161 SA158 EF103 EF159 SP106 SP160 No. 29213 13709MRSAtetM tetK 29212 tetM 49619 tetM 100 B B B B B B B B 101 B B B B B BC B 102 C B B B B B B B 104 C C B B B B B B 105 B B C B B B B B 106 B BB B B B B B 107 B B B B B B B B 108 C C B B B B B B 109 C C B B B B B B110 B B B B B B B B 111 C B B B B B B B 117 C C B B B B B B 118 B B B BB B B B 120 B B B B B B B B 121 B B B B B B B B 123 B B B B B B B B 129B B B B B B B B 130 B B B B B B B B 131 B B B B B B B B 133 C B B B B BC B 134 B B B B B B B B 136 C B B B B B B B 137 B B B B B B B B 139 B BB B B B B B 140 B B B B B B B B 142 B B B B B B B B 143 B B B B B B B B144 B B B B B B B B 146 C C B B B B B B 147 B B B B B B B B 149 B B B BB B B B 150 B B B B B B B B 200 C C B NT B B B B 201 B B B B B B C B 202C B B B B B B B Cmpd EC107 EC155 AB110 PA111 EC108 KP109 KP153 No. 25922tetA 19608 27853 13047 13883 tetA 100 B B A B B B B 101 B B C B C B B102 B B B B B B B 104 B B C B B B B 105 B C C B B B B 106 B B B B B B B107 B B B B B B B 108 B B C B C B B 109 B B C B B B B 110 B B A B B B B111 B B C B B B B 117 B B B B B B B 118 B B A B B B B 120 B B A B B B B121 B B A B B B B 123 B B A B B B B 129 B B A B B B B 130 B B A B B B B131 B B C B B B B 133 B C C B C B C 134 B B B B B B B 136 B C C B B B B137 B B B B B B B 139 B B C B B B B 140 B C C B C B C 142 B B A B B B B143 B B A B B B B 144 B B A B B B B 146 B B C B B B B 147 B B C B B B B149 B B A B B B B 150 B B C B B B B 200 B B C B B B B 201 B B C B B B B202 B B C B C B B

TABLE 6 MIC Values for Compounds of the Invention Compared toSancycline, Minocycline and Tigecycline. A = lower than or equal tolowest MIC among three control compounds; B = greater than lowest MICamong three control compounds, but lower than highest MIC among threecontrol compounds; C = greater than MIC of all three control compounds.Cmpd SA101 SA100 SA161 SA158 SE164 EF159 SP106 SP160 SP193 HI262 No.29213 13703 tetM tetK 12228 tetM 49619 tetM 8668 33923 112 C B B B A B AB B C 113 C B B B B B A B B B 114 B B B B B B A B B C 115 B B B B A B AB B B 116 C B B B B B B B C C 119 B B B B B B A B B C 122 C B B B B B BB C C 125 B B B B A B A B B A 126 B B B B B B A B B A 128 B B B B B B AB A B 132 B B B B A B A B A B 138 B B B B B B A B A A 141 C A B B B B AB A A 145 B B B B A B A B A B 148 B B B B A B A B A B 300 C B B B B B NTB C C 301 C B B B B B B B C C 302 C C C B B B C B C C 303 C B B B B B NTB C NT 304 C B B B B B B B B C 305 C C B B B B B B C C 306 C B B B B B CB C C 307 C B B B B B B B B C 308 C B B B B B B B B C 400 B A B B NT A BB NT NT 403 C B B B NT B B B NT NT 405 B A B B B B A B B A 406 B A B A BB A B B A 407 C NT B B B B A B NT C 408 B B B B A B B B B C 409 C NT B BB B A B NT C 411 B B B B NT B B B NT NT 412 A A B A A B A A A A 413 C NTB B B B A B NT C 415 B B C B NT C B B NT NT 416 A A B B NT B B B NT NT419 A A B B NT B B A NT NT 420 C B B B NT B B B NT NT 421 B A B A A B AA A B 423 C C B B B B B B C A 424 C B B B B B A B B C 426 B B B B NT B BB NT NT 427 B B B B B B B B B C 428 A A A A NT B B A NT NT 429 B B B B BB B B B C Cmpd MC205 EC107 EC155 KP153 PM112 No. 8176 25922 tetA tetA35659 PA169 PA173 AB250 SM256 BC240 112 C B B B B C B A C C 113 C B B BC C B A C B 114 B B B B B C B A C C 115 C B B B C C B B C C 116 C C B CC C B B C C 119 C B B B B C B A C C 122 C C C C C C B C C C 125 B B B BB C NT A B B 126 B B B B B B B A B B 128 C B B B B C B A C B 132 B B B BB B B A C B 138 B B B B B C B A C B 141 B B B B B C B A C B 145 B B B BB C B A C B 148 C B B B B C B A C B 300 C B B B B B B A C C 301 B B B BC B B B C C 302 C C B B C B B C C C 303 B C B B C B B C C C 304 C B B BB B B A C C 305 C B B B C B B C C C 306 B B B B C B B C C C 307 C B B BB B B A C C 308 C B B B C B B C C C 400 NT B B B NT NT NT NT NT NT 403NT B B B NT NT NT NT NT NT 405 B B C C B C B B C C 406 B B C C B A B C CC 407 C C C C C NT NT C C C 408 C B B B B B B A C B 409 C C C C C NT NTC C C 411 NT B B C NT NT NT NT NT NT 412 A B C C B C B A C B 413 C C C CC NT NT C C C 415 NT B C C NT NT NT NT NT NT 416 NT B C C NT NT NT NT NTNT 419 NT B B B NT NT NT NT NT NT 420 NT C C C NT NT NT NT NT NT 421 B BB B C B B A C C 423 C C C C C C B C C C 424 C C C C C C B C C C 426 NT BC C NT NT NT NT NT NT 427 C B B B B C B A C C 428 NT B B C NT NT NT NTNT NT 429 B B B B C C B A C B

TABLE 7 MIC Values for Compounds of the Invention Compared toSancycline, Minocycline and Tigecycline. A = lower than or equal tolowest MIC among three control compounds; B = greater than lowest MICamong three control compounds, but lower than highest MIC among threecontrol compounds; C = greater than MIC of all three control compounds.Cmpd SA101 SA161 SA158 SE164 EF159 SP106 SP160 SP312 HI262 MC205 No.29213 SA191 tetM tetK 12228 tetM 49619 tetM tetM 33929 8176 103 C B B BA B A B B C C 124 C B B B A B A B B B C 127 C B B B A B A B B B C 135 BB B B A B A B B A B 401 C B B B B B B B B C C 402 C B C B B B B B B C C404 C B C B B B A B B A C 410 B A B A A A A B B A B 414 C C C B C C C CC C C 417 C C C B B B C B B A C 418 C C C B B C B B B C C 422 B B B A AB A B B B B 425 C B B B B B B B B C C Cmpd EC107 EC155 KP153 PM112 No.25922 tetA tetA KP457 35659 PA555 PA556 AB250 SM256 BC240 103 B B B NT CC C B C C 124 B B B NT C C C A C C 127 B B B NT C C C A C C 135 B B B NTB C B A C C 401 C C C C C C C C C C 402 C B B C C B C C C C 404 B C C CB C C C C C 410 B B B C C C B C C C 414 C C C C C C C C C C 417 C C C CC C C C C C 418 C C C C C C C C C C 422 B C C C C C C B C C 425 C C C CC C C C C C

Example 152. In Vivo Models A. Mouse Systemic Infection Protocol

Compounds were screened for antibacterial activity in vivo in a mousesystemic infection (septicemia) model. In the model, CD-1 female mice(18-22 grams) were injected IP with a S. aureus Smith inoculum thatresults in 0%, survival within 24 to 48 hours. The bacterial doserequired to achieve this effect was previously been established throughvirulence studies. At one hour post infection, mice received either 3mg/ml IV or 30 mg/ml PO. Typically, six mice were treated per dosegroup. Animal survival was assessed and recorded for 48 hours. Percentsurvival at 48 hours was recorded for each compound in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Percent survival at 48 hours for tested compounds. Cmpd No. IV(3 mg/kg) PO (30 mg/kg) 102 100% 83% 143 83% 100% 130 33% 83% 123 33%67% 132 50% 50% 106 17% 20% 137 33% 33% 131 100% 17% 147 83% 0% 118 17%50% 129 50% 0% 150 0 0 144 50% 0% 110 33% 50% 149 17% 0% 125 100% 33%119 83% 75% 112 100% 20% 126 83% 100% 128 17% 0% 115 100% 100% 103 83%100% 135 100% 100% 304 0% 17% 410 100% 50% 419 100% 40% 416 100% 20% 400100% 0% 428 50% 0% 412 100% 40% 406 100% 40% 408 100% 0%

B. Neutropenic Respiratory Infection Models for S. pneumoniae

Compounds were tested in a neutropenic BALB/c murine model of lunginfection challenged with tetracycline-resistant tet(M) S. pneumoniaestrain SP160. Mice were made neutropenic by pre-treatment withcyclophosphamide and infected with SP160 via intranasal administration.Mice were dosed orally with 30 mg/kg compound or IV with 10 mg/kgcompound at 2 and 12 hours post-infection. At 24 hours followinginitiation of treatment, mice were euthanized and bacterial reduction inthe lung was quantified by plating lung homogenates. Data was recordedas log₁₀ reduction in lung colony forming units versus an untreatedcontrol group. The results of the testing are shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 shows that Compounds 102 and 135 were as orally efficacious(reduced the bacterial burden in the lung) as linezolid in the S.pneumoniae SP160 lung model; and Compounds 143, 130, and 126 did notsignificantly reduce the lung bacterial burden when orally administered.Compound 102 was also efficacious when administered intravenously (IV);linezolid did not substantially reduce the lung bacterial burden whenadministered as a control at 5 mg/kg IV. Doxycycline was ineffective, asS. pneumoniae SP160 is tetracycline-resistant, carrying a tet(M)ribosomal protection mechanism.

C. Non-Neutropenic Respiratory Infection Model for S. pneumoniae

Compound 102 was tested in an immunocompetent CD-1 murine model of lunginfection challenged with S. pneumoniae strain SP514. Mice were infectedwith SP514 via intranasal administration and dosed orally with 30 mg/kgcompound at 5, 24 and 36 hours post-infection. At 48 hours followinginitiation of treatment, mice were euthanized and bacterial reduction inthe lung was quantified by plating lung homogenates. Data was recordedas log₁₀ reduction in lung colony forming units versus an untreatedcontrol group.

In this model, orally dosed Compound 102 produced a 6.14+/−0.66 log₁₀reduction in CFU versus the 48 hour untreated control (FIG. 2).Linezolid as a comparator produced a 3.56±0.63 log₁₀ reduction (FIG. 2).

D. Neutropenic Respiratory Infection Model for MRSA

Compounds were tested in a neutropenic BALB/c murine model of lunginfection challenged with a tetracycline-resistant tet(M) MRSA strainSA191 infected via intranasal administration. At 2 and 12 hours micewere either dosed orally with 50 mg/kg compound or via IVadministration, at 10 mg/kg. At 24 hours following initiation oftreatment, mice were euthanized and bacterial reduction in the lung wasquantified by plating lung homogenates. Data was recorded as log₁₀reduction in lung colony forming units versus an untreated controlgroup. The results of the testing are shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 shows that Compounds 102, 143 and 130 were as orally efficacious(reduced the bacterial burden in the lung) as linezolid in the MRSASA191 lung model. Compound 102 was more efficacious when administeredintravenously (IV) than linezolid was. Tetracycline was ineffective asthe MRSA strain SA191 is tetracycline-resistant, carrying a tet(M)ribosomal protection mechanism.

E. Respiratory Infection Model for H. influenzae

Compound 102 was tested in a rat lung infection challenged with H.influenzae via intratracheal administration. At 5, 24, and 48 hours ratswere dosed orally with 100 mg/kg compound and azithromycin was dosed at50 mg/kg. For IV administration, Compound 102 was dosed at 25 mg/kg at5, 24 and 48 hours. At 72 hours following initiation of treatment, ratswere euthanized and bacterial reduction in the lung was quantified byplating lung homogenates. Data was recorded as log₁₀ reduction in lungcolony forming units versus an untreated control group. In this model,orally administered Compound 102 produced a 2.93±0.27 log₁₀ reduction inCFU versus the 72 hour untreated control (FIG. 4). Azithromycin, dosedorally, produced 6.24±0.03 reduction. Dosed via the IV route, Compound102 produced a 3.40±0.31 log₁₀ reduction in CFU versus the 72 houruntreated control.

F. In Vitro Activity of Compound 102 for Selected Gram-Negative andGram-Positive Pathogens

The in vitro activity (by broth microdilution MIC) of Compound 102against clinically important species of Gram-positive and Gram-negativepathogens was studied. As part of this study, the minimum bactericidalconcentration (MBC) was also determined against a subset of theevaluated isolates to determine mode of action.

Methods

All isolates were non-duplicate, non-consecutive, clinically significantisolates and were tested by broth microdilution in accordance with CLSIM7-A8 (See Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods fordilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that growaerobically; approved standard—8^(th) ed. CLSI document M7-A8. CLSI,Wayne, Pa. January 2009, the entire teachings of which are incorporatedherein by reference).

Quality control and interpretations of results were performed accordingwith CLIS M100-S20, where available (See Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobialsusceptibility testing; twentieth informational supplement. CLSIdocument M100-S20. CLSI, Wayne, Pa. January 2010, the entire teachingsof which are incorporated herein by reference).

A subset of isolates were concurrently tested for MBC in accordance withCLSI M26-A (See Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods forDetermining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents, ApprovedGuideline. NCCLS document M26-A [ISBN 1-56238-384-1]. NCCLS, 940 WestValley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pa. 19087 USA, 1999.) MBCs wereevaluated based on quantitation of the growth in wells beyond the MIC todetermine the well where a 3-log reduction in CFU relative to theinitial inoculum was observed.

Results for all MIC testing were within the acceptable standards basedon the CLSI recommended QC ranges for each comparator agent evaluatedand the appropriate ATCC control strains with the exception of colistinwhich tested one dilution lower than the provisional QC breakpointsestablished by CLSI for E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853.

Summary of Results

The data is presented in Tables 9-11. Table 9 is the antimicrobialsusceptibility of all agents tested against all Gram-negative andGram-positive organisms. Table 10 is the activity profile of Compound102, tigecycline, and tetracycline by tetracycline resistance phenotype.Table 11 is a summary of MIC and MBC results for Compound 102 againstselected strains.

TABLE 9 Antimicrobial susceptibility of all agents tested against allGram-negative and Gram-positive organisms MIC (μg/ml) Total OrganismAgent n MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ Escherichia coli ^(a) Compound 102 40 2 4Tigecycline^(b) 0.5 2 Tetracycline >8 >8 Ceftazidime 64 >64Ceftazidime/clavulanate 4 32 Colistin 0.25 0.5 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1Gentamicin 2 >8 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 >4 Piperacillin/Tazobactam 8 >64Klebsiella pneumonia ^(a) Compound 102 27 4 16 Tigecycline^(b) 2 4Tetracycline 8 >8 Ceftazidime >64 >64 Ceftazidime/clavulanate 16 >32Colistin 0.25 0.5 Ertapenem ≦1 8 Gentamicin >8 >8 Levofloxacin 1 >4Piperacillin/Tazobactam >64 >64 Kiebsielia oxytoca Compound 102 30 1 4Tigecycline^(b) 0.5 2 Tetracycline 0.5 4 Ceftazidime ≦0.5 ≦0.5Ceftazidime/clavulanate ≦0.25 0.5 Colistin ≦0.12 0.25 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1Gentamicin 0.5 2 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 4 Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2 8Proteus vulgaris Compound 102 29 8 >16 Tigecycline^(b) 2 4 Tetracycline8 >8 Ceftazidime ≦0.5 >64 Ceftazidime/clavulanate ≦0.25 ≦0.25Colistin >2 >2 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1 Gentamicin 1 >8 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 1Piperacillin/Tazobactam ≦0.5 2 Enterobacter Compound 102 30 2 2aerogenes Tigecycline^(b) 0.5 0.5 Tetracycline 1 2 Ceftazidime ≦0.5 16Ceftazidime/clavulanate ≦0.25 16 Colistin ≦0.12 ≦0.12 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1Gentamicin ≦0.25 0.5 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 ≦0.25 Piperacillin/Tazobactam 216 Enterobacter cloacae Compound 102 29 4 8 Tigecycline^(b) 1 4Tetracycline 4 >8 Ceftazidime >64 >64 Ceftazidime/clavulanate >32 >32Colistin ≦0.12 >2 Ertapenem ≦1 >8 Gentamicin 0.5 >8 Levofloxacin 1 >4Piperacillin/Tazobactam >64 >64 Serratia marcescens Compound 102 30 4 8Tigecycline^(b) 1 2 Tetracycline >8 >8 Ceftazidime ≦0.5 ≦0.5Ceftazidime/clavulanate ≦0.25 0.5 Colistin >2 >2 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1Gentamicin 0.5 1 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 2 Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2 8Morganella morganii Compound 102 30 8 16 Tigecycline^(b) 2 4Tetracycline 2 >8 Ceftazidime ≦0.5 4 Ceftazidime/clavulanate 4 16Colistin >2 >2 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1 Gentamicin 1 >8 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 4Piperacillin/Tazobactam ≦0.5 1 Salmonella species Compound 102 30 2 2Tigecycline^(b) 0.25 0.5 Tetracycline 1 >8 Ceftazidime ≦0.5 ≦0.5Ceftazidime/clavulanate ≦0.25 ≦0.25 Colistin ≦0.12 0.5 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1Gentamicin 0.5 1 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 ≦0.25 Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2 4Shigella species Compound 102 30 0.5 2 Tigecycline^(b) 0.25 0.5Tetracycline >8 >8 Ceftazidime ≦0.5 ≦0.5 Ceftazidime/clavulanate ≦0.25≦0.25 Colistin ≦0.12 ≦0.12 Ertapenem ≦1 ≦1 Gentamicin 1 1 Levofloxacin≦0.25 0.5 Piperacillin/Tazobactam 2 2 Acinetobacter lwoffii Compound 10229 0.12 0.5 Tigecycline 0.12 0.5 Tetracycline 0.5 4 Ceftazidime 1 16Ceftazidime/clavulanate ≦0.25 4 Colistin ≦0.12 >2 Ertapenem ≦1 4Gentamicin ≦0.25 1 Levofloxacin ≦0.25 ≦0.25 Piperacillin/Tazobactam ≦0.58 Stenotrophomonas Compound 102 29 0.5 2 maltophilia Tigecycline 0.5 2Tetracycline 8 >8 Ceftazidime 8 >64 Ceftazidime/clavulanate 32 >32Colistin 0.25 >2 Ertapenem >8 >8 Gentamicin >8 >8 Levofloxacin 0.5 >4Piperacillin/Tazobactam 32 >64 Staphylococcus aureus Compound 102 300.25 0.25 (MRSA PVL+) Tigecycline^(b) 0.12 0.12 Tetracycline 0.25 0.25Clindamycin 0.06 0.12 Daptomycin 0.5 1 Ertapenem 4 8 Erythromycin >4 >4Gentamicin 0.25 0.5 Levofloxacin 0.25 >2 Linezolid 1 2 Vancomycin 1 1Staphylococcus aureus Compound 102 105 0.5 2 MRSA^(c) Tigecycline 0.130.25 Tetracycline 0.25 >32 Levofloxacin >2 >2 Linezolid 2 4 Vancomycin 11 Streptococcus Compound 102 20 0.06 0.25 anginosus Tigecycline^(b) 0.030.06 Tetracycline 0.12 >4 Clindamycin ≦0.015 0.03 Daptomycin 0.25 0.25Ertapenem 0.12 0.25 Erythromycin 0.03 >0.5 Levofloxacin 0.5 0.5Linezolid 0.5 1 Penicillin ≦0.12 ≦0.12 Vancomycin 0.5 0.5 StreptococcusCompound 102 30 0.12 0.12 intermedius Tigecycline^(b) 0.03 0.12Tetracycline 0.25 >4 Clindamycin ≦0.015 0.06 Daptomycin 0.5 1 Ertapenem0.06 0.5 Erythromycin 0.06 >0.5 Levofloxacin 1 2 Linezolid 1 1Penicillin ≦0.12 0.25 Vancomycin 0.5 0.5 Streptococcus mitis Compound102 29 0.12 0.25 Tigecycline^(b) 0.03 0.12 Tetracycline 0.5 >4Clindamycin 0.03 0.06 Daptomycin 0.5 1 Ertapenem 0.25 >1Erythromycin >0.5 >0.5 Levofloxacin 1 2 Linezolid 1 1 Penicillin 0.25 2Vancomycin 0.5 0.5 Streptococcus sanguis Compound 102 18 0.06 0.12Tigecycline^(b) 0.03 0.06 Tetracycline 0.25 >4 Clindamycin 0.03 0.06Daptomycin 0.5 1 Ertapenem 0.12 0.5 Erythromycin 0.03 >0.5 Levofloxacin0.5 2 Linezolid 0.5 1 Penicillin ≦0.12 ≦0.12 Vancomycin 0.5 1 ^(a)37 E.coli and 24 K. pneumoniae genetically characterized for beta-lactamaseproduction were tested in a separate laboratory on the same study panels^(b)FDA breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae were applied: ≦2 μg/ml (S), 4μg/ml (I), ≧8 μg/ml (R); for S. aureus: ≦0.5 μg/ml (S); forStreptococcus spp. (other than S. pneumoniae: ≦0.25 μg/ml (S) ^(c)Staphylococcus aureus MRSA includes the data from the Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA PVL+) group.

TABLE 10 Activity profile of Compound 102, tigecycline, and tetracyclineby tetracycline resistance phenotype Organism Agent Phenotype Total_nMIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ Enterobacteriaceae Compound TET S 168 2 8 102 Compound TETNS 137 4 16 102 Tigecycline TET S 168 1 2 Tigecycline TET NS 137 1 4Tetracycline TET S 168 1 4 Tetracycline TET NS 137 >8 >8 S. maltophilaCompound TET S 10 0.5 0.5 102 Compound TET NS 19 1 4 102 Tigecycline TETS 10 0.25 0.5 Tigecycline TET NS 19 0.5 2 Tetracycline TET S 10 4 4Tetracycline TET NS 19 >8 >8 Viridans group Compound TET S 65 0.06 0.12streptococci 102 Compound TET NS 32 0.12 0.25 102 Tigecycline TET S 650.03 0.06 Tigecycline TET NS 32 0.03 0.12 Tetracycline TET S 65 0.25 0.5Tetracycline TET NS 32 >4 >4 TET S = Tetracycline susceptible; TET NS =Tetracycline non-susceptible

TABLE 11 Summary of MIC and MBC results Study Compound 102 OrganismIsolate ID MIC MBC MBC:MIC Acinetobacter lwoffii 2919857 0.12 0.5 4Acinetobacter lwoffii 2919860 0.12 16 128 Acinetobacter lwoffii 29198730.25 0.25 1 Acinetobacter lwoffii 2919875 0.06 0.25 4 Enterobacteraerogenes 2919897 2 4 2 Enterobacter aerogenes 2919900 1 8 8Enterobacter aerogenes 2919909 2 8 4 Enterobacter aerogenes 2919913 1 1616 Enterobacter cloacae 2920072 8 16 2 Enierobacter cloacae 2920082 2 84 Enterobacter cloacae 2920119 2 2 1 Klebsiella oxytoca 2919956 1 8 8Klebsiella oxytoca 2919964 1 4 4 Klebsiella oxytoca 2919972 2 4 2Klebsiella oxytoca 2919983 1 8 8 Morganella morganii 2919931 4 >16 >4Morganella morganii 2919935 4 >16 >4 Morganella morganii 29199458 >16 >2 Proteus vulgaris 2919822 16 >16 >1 Proteus vulgaris 29198278 >16 >2 Proteus vulgaris 2919835 4 >16 >4 Proteus vulgaris 2919836 2 84 Salmonella species 2919986 2 8 4 Salmonella species 2919990 2 8 4Salmonella species 2920006 2 8 4 Salmonella species 2920008 2 8 4Serratia marcescens 2920092 4 16 4 Serratia marcescens 2920094 4 >16 >4Serratia marcescens 2920100 8 16 2 Serratia marcescens 2920109 4 16 4Shigella species 2919892 1 4 4 Shigella species 2919894 0.25 4 16Shigella species 2920018 0.25 0.5 2 Shigella species 2920026 0.5 16 32Shigella species 2920028 0.5 4 8 Staphylococcus aureus 29196480.25 >4 >16 Staphylococcus aureus 2919649 0.25 >4 >16 Staphylococcusaureus 2919650 0.25 >4 >16 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 2920035 2 >16 >8Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 2920051 2 16 8 Streptococcus anginosus2919722 0.25 2 8 Streptococcus anginosus 2919742 0.12 2 16 Streptococcusanginosus 2919797 0.25 2 8 Streptococcus intermedius 2919756 0.06 1 16Streptococcus intermedius 2919759 0.03 2 64 Streptococcus intermedius2919784 0.12 2 16 Streptococcus intermedius 2919819 0.25 1 4Streptococcus mitis 2919763 0.12 0.5 4 Streptococcus mitis 2919781 0.120.12 1 Streptococcus mitis 2919798 0.06 0.06 1 Streptococcus mitis2919803 0.12 1 8 Streptococcus sanguis 2919749 0.06 0.25 4 Streptococcussanguis 2919752 0.25 0.5 2 Streptococcus sanguis 2919758 0.12 2 16Escherichia coli 2921525 1 >16 >16 Escherichia coli 2921576 2 16 8Klebsiella pneumonia 2921528 2 >16 >8 Klebsiella pneumoniae 29215292 >16 >8

Against the evaluated Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens,Compound 102 MICs were generally 2-4 fold higher than those oftigecycline.

Compound 102 had comparable MICs relative to tetracycline against theevaluated S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae excluding Shigella spp. whereCompound 102 was more potent. Compound 102 also had 2-4 fold lower MICsthan tetracycline against Acinetobacter lwoffli, S. maltophila, andstreptococci.

Compound 102 was more potent by MIC₅₀/MIC₉₀ against Gram-positivepathogens relative to Gram-negative pathogens.

Compound 102 and tigecycline MICs were not notably altered againstevaluated tetracycline resistant isolates relative to tetracyclinesusceptible isolates, and Compound 102 maintained potency againsttetracycline resistant Shigella spp., S. maltophila, and streptococci.

MBC:MIC ratios for Compound 102 indicated bacteriostatic mode of action(ratio >2 for 89.3% of evaluated isolates).

G. In Vitro Activity of Compound 102 for Selected Respiratory Pathogens

The in vitro activity (by broth microdilution MIC) of Compound 102against clinically important Gram-positive and Gram-negative speciesthat cause respiratory tract or acute bacterial skin and skin structureinfections was studied.

Methods

All isolates were non-duplicate, non-consecutive, clinically significantisolates and were tested by broth microdilution in accordance with CLSIM7-A8 (See Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods fordilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that growaerobically; approved standard—8^(th) ed. CLSI document M7-A8. CLSI,Wayne, Pa. January 2009, the entire teachings of which are incorporatedherein by reference); CLSI M45-A (See Clinical and Laboratory StandardsInstitute. Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibilitytesting of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria; approvedguideline. CLSI document M45-A. CLSI, Wayne, Pa. May 2006, the entireteachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Quality control and interpretations of results were performed accordingwith CLSI M100-S20, where available. (See Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobialsusceptibility testing; twentieth informational supplement. CLSIdocument M100-S20. CLSI, Wayne, Pa. January 2010, the entire teachingsof which are incorporated herein by reference).

Results for all MIC testing were within the acceptable standards basedon the CLSI recommended QC ranges for each comparator agent evaluatedand the appropriate ATCC control strains on each day of testing.

Summary of Results

The activity profiles are presented in Tables 12-14. Table 12 is theactivity profile of Compound 102 and other comparator agents againstevaluated Gram-positive pathogens. Table 13 is the activity profile ofCompound 102 and other comparator agents against evaluated Gram-negativepathogens. Table 14 is the activity profile of Compound 102 and othercomparator agents against evaluated pathogen by tetracycline phenotype.

TABLE 12 Activity profile of Compound 102 and other comparator agentsagainst evaluated Gram-positive pathogens MIC (mg/mL) Organism PhenotypeDrug MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ S. aureus MSSA (n = 50)¹ Compound 102 0.25 0.5 (n = 50)Tigecycline³ 0.12 0.25 Tetracycline 0.25 0.5 Azithromycin 2 >4Ceftriaxone 4 4 Clindamycin 0.12 0.12 Gentamicin 0.25 0.5 Imipenem ≦0.25≦0.25 Levofloxacin 0.25 1 Linezolid 2 4 Vancomycin 1 1 CoNS (n = 52)MSCoNS (n = 26)¹ Compound 102 0.25 1 Tigecycline 0.06 0.25 Tetracycline0.5 2 Azithromycin 0.25 >4 Ceftriaxone 1 2 Clindamycin 0.06 0.06Gentamicin 0.12 0.25 Imipenem ≦0.25 ≦0.25 Levofloxacin 0.25 >4 Linezolid1 1 Vancomycin 2 2 MRCoNS (n = 26)¹ Compound 102 0.25 1 Tigecycline 0.060.12 Tetracycline 0.25 2 Azithromycin >4 >4 Ceftriaxone 16 >64Clindamycin 0.12 >2 Gentamicin 0.25 >8 Imipenem 1 >8 Levofloxacin >4 >4Linezolid ≦0.5 1 Vancomycin 1 2 S. saprophyticus Compound 102 0.25 0.5(n = 36) Tigecycline 0.12 0.25 Tetracycline 0.5 0.5 Azithromycin 1 >4Ceftriaxone 8 16 Clindamycin 0.06 0.12 Gentamicin ≦0.06 ≦0.06 Imipenem≦0.25 ≦0.25 Levofloxacin 0.5 0.5 Linezolid 2 4 Vancomycin 1 1 S.pneumoniae PEN S (n = 39)² Compound 102 0.06 0.12 (n = 100) Tigecycline0.06 0.06 Tetracycline 0.12 0.5 Azithromycin 0.12 >4 Ceftriaxone ≦0.030.06 Clindamycin 0.06 0.06 Imipenem ≦0.015 ≦0.015 Levofloxacin 0.5 1Linezolid 1 1 Penicillin (oral) ≦0.12 ≦0.12 Vancomycin 0.5 0.5 PEN I (n= 11)² Compound 102 0.12 0.25 Tigecycline 0.06 0.06 Tetracycline 8 32Azithromycin >4 >4 Ceftriaxone 0.12 0.5 Clindamycin 0.06 >0.5 Imipenem0.03 0.25 Levofloxacin 0.5 1 Linezolid 1 1 Penicillin (oral) 0.25 1Vancomycin 0.5 0.5 PEN R (n = 50)² Compound 102 0.06 0.12 Tigecycline0.06 0.06 Tetracycline 16 16 Azithromycin >4 >4 Ceftriaxone 1 2Clindamycin >0.5 >0.5 Imipenem 0.5 0.5 Levofloxacin 0.5 1 Linezolid 1 1Penicillin (oral) 2 >2 Vancomycin 0.25 0.5 S. pyogenes Compound 102 0.120.25 (n = 50) Tigecycline 0.06 0.06 Tetracycline 0.25 32 Azithromycin0.12 >4 Ceftriaxone ≦0.03 ≦0.03 Clindamycin 0.06 0.06 Imipenem ≦0.015≦0.015 Levofloxacin 0.5 0.5 Linezolid 1 1 Penicillin ≦0.12 ≦0.12Vancomycin 0.5 0.5 S. agalactiae Compound 102 0.5 0.5 (n = 50)Tigecycline 0.12 0.12 Tetracycline 32 >32 Azithromycin 0.06 >4Ceftriaxone 0.06 0.06 Clindamycin 0.06 >0.5 Imipenem ≦0.015 0.03Levofloxacin 0.5 1 Linezolid 1 1 Penicillin ≦0.12 ≦0.12 Vancomycin 0.50.5 E. faecalis VAN S (n = 53) Compound 102 0.5 0.5 (n = 101)Tigecycline 0.12 0.12 Tetracycline >32 >32 Azithromycin >4 >4Ceftriaxone >64 >64 Clindarnycin >2 >2 Gentamicin >8 >8 Imipenern 1 1Levofloxacin 1 >4 Linezolid 2 2 Vancomycin 1 2 VAN NS (n = 48) Compound102 0.5 1 Tigecycline 0.06 0.12 Tetracycline >32 >32 Azithromycin >4 >4Ceftriaxone >64 >64 Clindamycin >2 >2 Gentamicin >8 >8 Imipenem 1 2Levofloxacin >4 >4 Linezolid 2 2 Vancomycin >16 >16 E. faecium VAN S (n= 49) Compound 102 0.12 0.5 (n = 100) Tigecycline 0.06 0.06 Tetracycline0.25 >32 Azithromycin >4 >4 Ceftriaxone >64 >64 Clindamycin >2 >2Gentamicin 8 >8 Imipenem >8 >8 Levofloxacin >4 >4 Linezolid 2 2Vancomycin 0.5 1 VAN NS (n = 51) Compound 102 0.12 0.5 Tigecycline 0.060.12 Tetracycline 0.25 >32 Azithromycin >4 >4 Ceftriaxone >64 >64Clindamycin >2 >2 Gentamicin 8 >8 Imipenem >8 >8 Levofloxacin >4 >4Linezolid 2 2 Vancomycin >16 >16 ¹As oxacillin was not tested as part ofthe current study, methicillin phenotype was based off of prioroxacillin testing performed on these isolates ²Penicillin MICs fromprior testing were utilized to determine penicillin phenotype, aspenicillin was only tested as low as 0.12 mg/mL, and isolates with MICsof ≦0.12 mg/mL can not be interpreted as either susceptible orintermediate ³No CLSI/FDA criteria available for interpretation of MICMSSA: methicillin-susceptible S. aureus; MSCoNS: methicillin-susceptiblecoagulase-negative staphylococci; MRCoNS: methicillin-resistantcoagulase-negative staphylococci PEN: penicillin; VAN: vancomycin; S:susceptible; I: intermediate; R: resistant; NS: non-susceptible; NA: notapplicable

TABLE 13 Activity profile of Compound 102 and other comparator agentsagainst evaluated Gram-negative pathogens MIC (mg/mL) Organism DrugMIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ H. influenzae (n = 50) Compound 102 0.5 1 Tigecycline 0.120.25 Tetracycline 0.5 0.5 Ampicillin ≦0.5 8 Azithromycin 1 2 Ceftriaxone≦0.03 ≦0.03 Imipenem 1 2 Levofloxacin 0.03 0.03 M. catarrhalis (n = 50)Compound 102 0.12 0.12 Tigecycline 0.06 0.12 Tetracycline 0.12 0.25Azithromycin ≦0.12 ≦0.12 Ceftriaxone ≦0.5 ≦0.5 Clindamycin 1 2Gentamicin 0.12 0.12 Imipenem ≦0.25 ≦0.25 Levofloxacin 0.06 0.06

TABLE 14 Activity profile of Compound 102 and other comparator agentsagainst evaluated pathogen by tetracycline phenotype MIC (mg/mL)Organism Drug Phenotype N MIC₅₀ MIC₉₀ S. pneumoniae Compound 102 TET S54 0.06 0.12 TET NS 46 0.12 0.12 Tigecycline TET S 54 0.06 0.06 TET NS46 0.06 0.06 Tetracycline TET S 54 0.12 0.25 TET NS 46 16 32 S. pyogenesCompound 102 TET S 44 0.12 0.12 TET NS 6 0.25 NA Tigecycline TET S 440.06 0.06 TET NS 6 0.06 NA Tetracycline TET S 44 0.12 0.25 TET NS 6 32NA S. agalactiae Compound 102 TET S 11 0.12 0.12 TET NS 39 0.5 0.5Tigecycline TET S 11 0.12 0.12 TET NS 39 0.12 0.12 Tetracycline TET S 110.25 0.25 TET NS 39 32 >32 F. faecalis Compound 102 TET S 30 0.12 0.25TET NS 71 0.5 1 Tigecycline TET S 30 0.06 0.12 TET NS 71 0.12 0.12Tetracycline TET S 30 0.25 0.5 TET NS 71 >32 >32 E. faecium Compound 102TET S 60 0.12 0.12 TET NS 40 0.25 0.5 Tigecycline TET S 60 0.06 0.06 TETNS 40 0.06 0.12 Tetracycline TET S 60 0.25 0.25 TET NS 40 >32 >32 NA:not applicable; TET: tetracycline; S: susceptible; NS: non-susceptible

Against the evaluated Gram-positive aerobic pathogens, Compound 102 MICswere comparable to those of tetracycline against staphylococci and wereseveral-fold lower than those of tetracycline against pneumococci andbeta-hemolytic streptococci; Compound 102 MICs were generally 2-4 foldhigher than those of tigecycline.

Against the evaluated Gram-negative respiratory pathogens, Compound 102had similar MICs to those of tetracycline; Compound 102 MICs weregenerally 2-4-fold higher than those of tigecycline.

There was minimal impact of tetracycline resistance on the overallactivity profile of Compound 102, as Compound 102 MICs were at most2-4-fold higher against tetracycline resistant isolates relative totetracycline susceptible isolates.

H. Antibacterial Activity Against E. coli DH10B Recombinantly ExpressingTetracycline-Resistance Genes

Genes encoding tet(A), tet(B), tet(K), tet(M), tet(X), and E. coliβ-galactosidase (lacZ) as a control were amplified by PCR from clinicalisolates confirmed by gene sequencing to have thesetetracycline-resistance determinants and cloned into an L-arabinoseinducible expression system without any affinity tags (pBAD-Myc-His,Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Plasmids were transformed and expressedin E. coli DH10B cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Cloned insertswere sequenced to verify the tetracycline resistance gene sequence andcompared to reported sequences in GenBank (accession numbers; tet(A),AJ419171; tet(B), AP0961; tet(K), AJ888003; tet(M), X90939.1, tet(X),M37699). Cells were grown in Mueller Hinton Broth containing ampicillin,50 mg/ml, pre-induced for 30 minutes with 1% arabinose (tet(A), tet(B),tet(M), tet(X)) or 0.1% arabinose (tet(K)) at 30° C. prior to use asinocula in MIC assays containing ampicillin, 50 mg/ml. MIC assays wereincubated at 35° C. and otherwise followed Clinical Laboratory StandardsInstitute guidelines, and the resultant data is shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 MIC values for E. coli DH10B recombinantly expressingtetracycline-resistance genes. Com- EC971 EC1153 EC969 EC970 EC1082EC1083 pound LacZ Tet(X) TetM TetK TetA TetB Mino- 0.5 4 64 1 8 16cycline Tetra- 2 >32 64 64 >128 >128 cycline Tige- 0.0625 2 0.125 0.06251 0.0625 cycline Com- 2 4 1 0.5 2 1 pound 102 Ceftri- 0.125 0.125 0.50.0625 0.0625 0.0625 axone tet(X) encodes an inactivating enzyme formany tetracyclines called a flavin-dependent monooxygenase. tet(A) andtet(B) encode tetracycline-specific efflux pumps usually found ingram-negative bacteria. tet(K) encodes a tetracycline-specific effluxpump found predominantly in gram-positive bacteria. tet(M) encodes atetracycline-specific ribosomal protection mechanism that is wide-spreadin both gram-negatives and gram-positives.

I. Determination of Resistance Development In Vitro

To estimate resistance development in vivo. Compound 102 was analyzedfor the propensity to select for resistance in vitro. The spontaneousresistance frequency was determined by plating dense suspensions of S.aureus SA101 and S. pneumoniae SP106 (˜10¹⁰ colony forming units (CFU)per plating) in replicates on Mueller Hinton agar plates containingcompound at 5× the MIC. Plates were supplemented with 5% defibrinatedsheep blood for SP106 testing. Resistance frequencies were calculated bydividing the number of colonies that grew at a given drug concentrationdivided by the total number of plated CFU. For SA101 and SP106, thespontaneous resistance frequencies for Compound 102 were <2.2×10⁻¹⁰ and1×10⁻⁸, respectively. For SA101 and SP106, the spontaneous resistancefrequencies for the levofloxacin (negative) control were <2.2×10⁻¹⁰ and<3.13×10⁻⁹, respectively. For SA101 and SP106, the spontaneousresistance frequencies for the rifampin (positive) control were 2.0×10⁻⁸and 2.88×10⁻⁷, respectively. Thus, neither S. aureus nor S. pneumoniaeappear to have large pre-existing populations that are nonsusceptible toCompound 102.

J. Non-GLP Monkey Pharmacokinetics

As a result of promising pharmacokinetic data in Sprague Dawleyrats,^(a) Compound 102 was evaluated in 3 non-naîve cynomolgus monkeys.Each animal received a single IV dose of 1 mg/kg and after a 7-daywashout, and received a single PO dose of 10 mg/kg. Nine to ten plasmasamples were drawn for each dosing route up to 24 hours intoheparin-coated vacutainer tubes. Dose formulations were verified with a5-point calibration curve. The plasma concentration of the compound wasquantified by LC/MS/MS using an internal standard. Quality control (QC)samples (low, medium, high; minimum of 6 standards with LLOQ<3 ng/mL)and standard curves (in duplicate) were included in the bioanalyticalrun. WinNonLin was used to determine individual and mean PKparameters±standard deviation (F, Cmax, Tmax, T½, CL, Vss, AUC(0-t),AUC(0-∞), and MRT). The results are presented in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Pharmacokinetic parameters for Compound 102 in non-naïvecynomologus monkeys A. IV dosing B. PO dosing Parameter Average SDParameter Average SD Dose (mg/kg) 1 Dose (mg/kg) 10 Co (ng/ml) 3170 1126Cmax (ng/ml) 1260 497 T½ (h) 23.33 3.85 Tmax (h) 4 0 Vdss (L/kg) 3.400.38 T½ (h) 24.84 8.26 Cl (ml/hr/kg) 111.6 26.46 AUC last 16333 4937 AUClast 4853 551 (ng · h/ml) (ng · h/ml) AUC inf 35433 19111 AUC inf 93102201 (ng · h/ml) (ng · h/ml) % Oral 33.7 9.1 bioavailability ^(a)Initial preliminary testing in Sprague Dawley rats (n = 3) resulted anoral bioavailability (% F) of 48.3 ± 31.2.

K. Evaluation of Mammalian Phototoxicity

To estimate its potential to produce phototoxicity in vivo, Compound 102was tested in validated in vivo and in vitro models of acute phototoxicactivity at Charles River Laboratories (See Spielmann, H., et al., Thesecond ECVAM workshop on phototoxicity testing. The report andrecommendations of ECVAM workshop 42. Altern Lab Anim, 2000. 28(6): p.777-814; and Peters, B. and H. G. Holzhutter, In vitro phototoxicitytesting: development and validation of a new concentration responseanalysis software and biostatistical analyses related to the use ofvarious prediction models. Altern Lab Anim, 2002. 30(4): p. 415-32, theentire teachings of both are incorporated herein by reference). Resultsshowed that, unlike doxycycline, Compound 102 findings in vitro in theneutral red uptake 3T3 assay did not translate to a phototoxic effect inthe in vivo model, which is considered to be a better mimic ofclinically-relevant UVA exposure of high-level intradermal accumulationof compound.

For in vivo evaluation in the Crl:SKH1-hr hairless mouse model ofphototoxicity, mice (n=3 per group) were injected intracutaneously alongthe back (two dorsal injection sites per mouse) with Compound 102 andcontrol compounds (doxycycline, minocycline, levofloxacin) at either0.0375 mg/mouse or 0.375 mg/mouse. A vehicle control group was injectedwith normal saline. The pH of compound formulations was adjusted to6.5±0.5 prior to injection. Immediately after administration, mice werelightly anesthetized via intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate indeionized water and then positioned on plastic tubing with laboratorytape. An aluminum foil mask with a single hole with a diameter of 1.3 cm(1.3 cm²) was placed over the mid-dorsum injection site before UVAexposure. The distal administration site was shielded from UVA exposure.A UVA dose of no less than 20.0 and no more than 20.1 J/cm² at anintensity of 5±1 mW/cm² at the level of the mice was delivered duringthe exposure period. Mice were observed before formulationadministration, after completion of administration, 60±10 minutes and 4hours±30 minutes after the completion of UVR exposure and 1, 2 and 3days after UVR exposure for general appearance, clinical observationsand signs of skin responses at the site of UVR exposure and thenon-UVA-exposed site. Results showed that administration of the positivecontrol, doxycycline, resulted in dosage-dependent phototoxicity(erythema, edema) at the site of UVA exposure, validating the assay.Minocycline, administered as a negative control, produced no skinreaction at either dose. Administration of levofloxacin resulted indosage-dependent phototoxicity (erythema, edema, flaking) in the site ofUVA exposure. Compound 102 at either 0.0375 or 0.375 mg/mouse resultedin no skin reactions indicative of phototoxicity on the day of UVAexposure or the following three days of observation.

L. In Vitro Susceptibility Study of Compound 102 in Legionellapneumophila

Legionella organisms are often associated with respiratory infections,and Legionella pneumophila results in significant mortality unless it ispromptly and effectively treated. In a recent FDA workshop on ClinicalTrial Design for Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (Dec. 9, 2009),the panel voted to include patients with documented L. pneumophila innon-inferiority community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) trials.Because L. pneumophila can result in an overall case mortality of 15%,it was important to determine its susceptibility to the compounds of theinvention, such as Compound 102.

Methods

The in vitro activity of Compound 102 was compared to tetracycline anderythromycin against a total of 70 L. pneumophila isolates (serogroup 1(n=20), 2 (n=10), 3 (n=10), 4 (n=10), 5 (n=10) and 6 (n=10)) by standardagar dilution using buffered yeast extract agar containing BCYE growthsupplement (BYE).

The Legionella pneumophila strains were isolated from the respiratorytract from 1992 to 2010 and identified by standard methods described byMurray et al., Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9rd ed., 2007, A.S.M.,the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.Isolates from six serogroups were tested for a total number of 70 L.pneumophila. Buffered Yeast extract (BYE) (with original Legionella BCYEGrowth supplement) was used as the medium to test Legionella strains.

A pilot test to determine if Compound 102 and tetracycline activity wereimpacted artificially by BCYE supplement or iron was done by testing ofStaphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 on BYE (Original BYE), BYE withoutferric pyrophosphate (modified BYE) and cation-adjusted Mueller-Hintonagar (MH).

Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs)

MICs were determined using the CLSI agar dilution method ((SeePerformance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing;Seventeenth Informational Supplement; CLSI, M100-S17 VOL 27 number 1,Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa., January 2007,the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference; and Methodfor dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that growaerobically; approved standard 17th edition, M7-A7, Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Wayne, Pa., 2006), the entireteachings of which are incorporated herein by reference)), withreplicate plating of the organisms onto a series of agar plates ofincreasing concentrations of compound from 0.004 mg/L to 64 μg/mL.Erythromycin and tetracycline were obtained from Sigma Chemicals,Mississauga, Ont.

Results

Only original BYE supported L. pneumophila growth. The pilot testsindicated that BYE resulted in a 16- to 64-fold increase in MICsrelative to MH for S. aureus ATCC29213 (Tables 17 and 18). These resultssuggest that the MIC values of Compound 102 obtained in original BYE forL. pneumophila were artificially elevated due to media effects.

TABLE 17 Pilot Study with original BYE, Modified BYE and Cation-adjustedMueller Hinton media for L. pneumophila ATCC33152. Compound IncubationAssay Compound Media used Time No. 102 Tetracycline ErythromycinOriginal 24 hours 1 NG NG NG BYE 2 NG NG NG 48 hours 1 16 8 0.5 2 16 80.25 Modified 24 hours 1 NG NG NG BYE 2 NG NG NG 48 hours 1 NG NG NG 2NG NG NG Cation 24 hours 1 NG NG NG adjusted 2 NG NG NG Mueller- HintonExpected MIC Range Unknown Unknown 0.25-0.5*** NG = no growth

TABLE 18 Pilot Study with original BYE, Modified BYE and Cation-adjustedMueller Hinton media for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213. Compound MediaIncubation Assay Compound used Time No. 102 Tetracycline ErythromycinOriginal 24 hours 1 4 2 0.5 BYE 2 4 2 0.5 48 hours 1 >64 32 0.5 2 >64 320.5 Modified 24 hours 1 2 0.25 0.5 BYE 2 2 0.25 0.5 48 hours 1 8 0.5 0.52 8 0.5 0.5 Cation 24 hours 1 0.25 0.5 1 adjusted 48 hours 1 0.25 0.5 1Mueller- Hinton Expected MIC Range 0.25-1* 0.12-1** 0.25-1** NG = NoGrowth *Expected MIC Range with Cation adjusted Mueller-Hinton**Expected MIC Range with Cation Mueller-Hinton. ***Expected MIC Rangewith original BYE, data obtained from previous studies.

The activity of Compound 102, tetracycline and erythromycin against allLegionella pneumophila serogroups is shown in Table 19. The MIC₉₀ valuesfor Compound 102, tetracycline, and erythromycin against strains fromall serogroups of L. pneumophila were 8, 8, and 0.5 mg/L, respectively,using the original BYE media.

TABLE 19 Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila all serogroups inoriginal BYE Media MIC (mg/L) Serogroup (no. tested) Antibiotic MIC₅₀MIC₉₀ All Serogroups (70) Compound 102 2 8 Tetracycline 4 8 Erythromycin0.25 0.5

The teachings of all patents, published applications and referencescited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the scope of the inventionencompassed by the appended claims.

1. A compound of Structural Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is selectedfrom halo, —R, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(O)OR′,and N(R)S(O)_(m)R′, wherein: each R is independently selected from H,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; or two R groups takentogether with the atom or atoms to which they are bound form a 4-7membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl; and R′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl,or heterocyclyl; ring A is a 5-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ringoptionally containing 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, Sand O in addition to the indicated nitrogen atom, wherein: R¹ isselected from hydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³),—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(O)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)-carbocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³), and—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-heterocyclyl, or R¹ taken together with a ringatom adjacent to the nitrogen atom to which R¹ is bound forms asaturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A; each of R² and R³ isindependently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, and—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl; or R² and R³, taken togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a heterocyclyl,wherein the heterocyclyl optionally comprises 1 to 4 additionalheteroatoms independently selected from N, S and O; each R⁴ isindependently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl,heterocyclyl or a naturally occurring amino acid side chain moiety, ortwo R⁴ taken together with a common carbon atom to which they are boundform a 3-7 membered non-aromatic carbocyclyl or a 4-7 memberednon-aromatic heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl formed by two R⁴comprises one to three heteroatoms independently selected from N, S andO; any substitutable carbon atom on ring A is optionally: (i)substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl; or (ii) substitutedwith ═O; (iii) taken together with an adjacent ring atom to form a 3-7membered saturated carbocyclyl or a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclylring; or (iv) spyrofused to a 3-7 membered saturated carbocyclyl; anyadditional N heteroatom on ring A is substituted with hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; each alkyl or alkylene inStructural Formula I is optionally and independently substituted withone or more substituents independently selected from halo, —OH, ═O,—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyland —N(R⁵)(R⁵); each carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl portion of asubstituent of ring A or the saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring Ais optionally and independently substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O,—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R⁵)(R⁵) and CN; each R⁵ is independentlyselected from hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in the grouprepresented by R⁵ is optionally and independently substituted with oneor more substituents independently selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and each m is independently 1 or 2,with the proviso that when X is hydrogen, ring A is not an unsubstitutedbivalent piperidine radical.
 2. A compound of Structural Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is selectedfrom halo, —R′, —OR, —SR, —S(O)_(m)R, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, N(R)C(O)OR′,and N(R)S(O)_(m)R′, wherein: each R is independently selected from H,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; or two R groups takentogether with the atom or atoms to which they are bound form a 4-7membered non-aromatic heterocyclyl; and R′ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl,or heterocyclyl; ring A is a 5-7 membered non-aromatic heterocyclic ringoptionally containing 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, Sand O in addition to the indicated nitrogen atom, wherein: R¹ isselected from hydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³),—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —C(O)-heterocyclyl, —C(O)-carbocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—[C(R⁴)(R⁴)]₀₋₄—N(R²)(R³), and—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-heterocyclyl; or R¹ taken together with a ringatom adjacent to the nitrogen atom to which R¹ is bound forms asaturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A; each of R² and R³ isindependently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl,—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, and—(C₂-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl; or R² and R³, taken togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a heterocyclyl,wherein the heterocyclyl optionally comprises 1 to 4 additionalheteroatoms independently selected from N, S and O; each R⁴ isindependently selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl,heterocyclyl or a naturally occurring amino acid side chain moiety, ortwo R⁴ taken together with a common carbon atom to which they are boundform a 3-7 membered non-aromatic carbocyclyl or a 4-7 memberednon-aromatic heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl formed by two R⁴comprises one to three heteroatoms independently selected from N, S andO; any substitutable carbon atom on ring A is optionally: (i)substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl; or (ii) substitutedwith ═O; (iii) taken together with an adjacent ring atom to form a 3-7membered saturated carbocyclyl or a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclylring; or (iv) spyrofused to a 3-7 membered saturated carbocyclyl; anyadditional N heteroatom on ring A is substituted with hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl; each alkyl or alkylene inStructural Formula I is optionally and independently substituted withone or more substituents independently selected from halo, —OH, ═O,—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyland —N(R⁵)(R⁵); each carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl portion of asubstituent of ring A or the saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring Ais optionally and independently substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O,—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R⁵)(R⁵) and CN; each R⁵ is independentlyselected from hydrogen and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in the grouprepresented by R⁵ is optionally and independently substituted with oneor more substituents independently selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and each m is independently 1 or
 2. 3.The compound of claim 1, wherein X is selected from fluoro, chloro,hydrogen, methoxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy anddimethylamino.
 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein X is selected fromfluoro, chloro, methoxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy anddimethylamino.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is selected fromhydrogen, —(C₁-C₈)alkyl, —(C₂-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—(C₀-C₃)alkylene-(saturated heterocycle),—(C₀-C₃)alkylene-(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —C(O)—(C₁-C₃)alkylene-N(R²)(R³), orR¹ taken together with a ring atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom towhich R¹ is bound forms a saturated heterocyclic ring fused to ring A;wherein: any alkyl or alkylene portion of R¹ or the saturatedheterocyclic ring fused to ring A is optionally substituted with fluoroor hydroxy; R² is selected from hydrogen and (C₁-C₃)alkyl; R³ isselected from (C₁-C₃)alkyl and (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, or R² and R³, takentogether with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a 4-7membered saturated heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionallysubstituted with fluoro.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R¹ isselected from hydrogen; (C₁-C₃)straight alkyl optionally substitutedwith one or more of: 1 to 5 methyl groups, a single hydroxy group, asingle methoxy group, 1 to 3 fluoro groups, a single saturatedheterocycle, and a single (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl group; (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl;tetrahydrofuranyl; and —C(O)—CH₂—N(R²)(R³), wherein R² and R³ aresimultaneously methyl; R² is hydrogen and R³ is C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl; or R²and R³, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are boundform a pyrrolidinyl ring optionally substituted with fluoro, or R¹ takentogether with a ring atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom to which R¹ isbound forms a pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring fused to ring A, whereinthe pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring fused to ring A is optionallysubstituted with hydroxy or fluorine.
 7. The compound of claim 1,wherein: ring A is selected from

R^(6a) is selected from hydrogen and methyl; and R⁶ is selected fromhydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxy or phenyl; orR⁶ taken together with R¹ and the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom towhich they are respectively bound form a pyrrolidinyl or piperidinylring fused to ring A, wherein the pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring isoptionally substituted with —OH or —F; or R⁶ and R^(6a) are takentogether with the carbon atom to which they are both bound to form acyclopropyl ring; and R^(7a) and R^(7b) are each hydrogen or are takentogether to form ═O.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein: ring A is

X is selected from fluoro, chloro, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, anddimethylamino; and R¹ is selected from ethyl, propyl, (C₃-C₅)branchedalkyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkylene-cyclopropyl,—C(O)CH₂NH-cyclopentyl, and —C(O)CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl, wherein R¹ isoptionally substituted with fluoro.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein:X is selected from fluoro, chloro, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, anddimethylamino; and R¹ is selected from 3-fluoroethyl, propyl, isopropyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl, —C(CH₃)₂-cyclopropyl,—C(O)CH₂NH-cyclopentyl, —C(O)CH₂-(3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl); and when Xis methoxy or dimethylamino, R¹ is further selected from tert-pentyl.10. The compound of claim 1, wherein: ring A is

X is fluoro; and R¹ is selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 11. Thecompound of claim 10, wherein R¹ is selected from isopropyl, propyl orethyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein: ring A is

X is fluoro; R¹ is selected from hydrogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl; R⁶ is selectedfrom hydrogen, (R)-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —CH₂-phenyl, or R¹ and R⁶ takentogether with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they arerespectively bound form a pyrrolidinyl ring fused to ring A; R^(7a) andR^(7b) are each hydrogen or are taken together to form ═O; wherein atleast one of R¹, and R⁶ is other than hydrogen.
 13. The compound ofclaim 12, wherein: R¹ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, isobutyl, andtert-butyl; and R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, (R)-methyl, (R)-isobutyl,(R)-sec-butyl, (R)-isopropyl, and —CH₂-phenyl, or R¹ and R⁶ takentogether with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they arerespectively bound form a pyrrolidinyl ring fused to ring A.
 14. Acompound of claim 1 selected from any one of Compounds 100, 103, 110,112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,129, 130, 132, 135, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, and 149 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. A compound of claim 1selected from any one of Compounds 300, 304, and 307 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. A compound of claim 1selected from any one of Compounds 400, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409,410, 412, 413, 416, 417, 419, 421, 422, 423, 424, 427, 428, and 429 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 17. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluentand a compound of claim
 1. 18. A method for treating or preventing aninfection or colonization in a subject comprising administering to thesubject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. (canceled)
 20. The methodof claim 18, wherein the infection is caused by a Gram-positiveorganism.
 21. (canceled)
 22. (canceled)
 23. (canceled)
 24. (canceled)25. The method of claim 18, wherein the infection is caused by aGram-negative organism. 26-47. (canceled)
 48. A method for treating orpreventing a respiratory infection in a subject comprising administeringto the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 49-50. (canceled)
 51. A methodfor treating or preventing a skin infection in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of claim1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 52-53. (canceled)